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Understanding Skin and Adnexa System: Structure, Functions, and Variations

Explore the intricate details of the integumentary system focusing on skin and its derivatives, such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and more. Learn about the regional differences, adnexal structures, and functional aspects of this vital system.

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Understanding Skin and Adnexa System: Structure, Functions, and Variations

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  1. Integumentary system-skin and adnexa

  2. Skin and adnexa • Skin • Adnexa (derivatives): – hair – nail – sebaceous glands – sweat glands – mammary glands

  3. Skin (cutis): structure • epidermis – stratified squamous keratinized epithelium • dermis (corium) –connective tissue + adnexa • hypodermis (tela subcutanea) – dense c.t. + adipocytes (panniculus adiposus) • area 1.5 – 2.5 m2 • weight 16 % of b.w. • Thickness 1 – 5 mm

  4. Stratum corneum propriumthick layer, keratin, desmosome disjunction (Stratum lucidum)cells – no nucleus; tonofilaments, eleidin Stratum granulosumpicnoticcell nuclei , granules with glykolipids and keratohyalin Stratum spinosum„prickle-cell“ or spiny layer, tonofilaments Stratum basalecuboida-columnar cells, mitosis + melanocytes Epidermis(stratif. squamous keratinized ep.) basement membrane

  5. Epidermis

  6. Epidermis Dermis

  7. Epidermis (cells = keratinocytes) stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale

  8. Another cells in epidermis • A = melanocytes • B = Langerhans‘ cells (antigen presenting) • C = Merkel‘s cells (receptors) „supranuklear cap“ - granules of pigment melanin

  9. Thin 0.5-5.0 mmepidermis70 – 100 m 4 layers, + all adnexa Occurrence: all over body, except in glans penis and labia minora + vestibulum vaginae Thick 0.8-1.5 mm 400 – 800 m,5 layers of epidermis, without hair follicles . Occurrence: - palma manus - planta pedis Types of skin

  10. Skin with hair

  11. Skin from finger tip

  12. Skin types

  13. Skin type: thin thick REGIONAL DIFFERENCES Skin with hair Skin from axilla Skin from tip of finger apocrine sweat glands ONLY ecrine sweat glands NO! YES! hair follicles, sebaceous gll. NO!

  14. Epidermis of thick skin Cristae et sulci cutis: papilary lines (dermatoglyphic patterns = fingeprints) Sweat glands   vessels of subpapilar plexus nerv fibers crista intermedia = epidermal peg dermal papillae

  15. Stratum papillaredermal papillae – loose connective tissue + capillary loops and nerve endings Stratum reticulareirregular dense c.t.(dermatansulphate) with solitary smooth muscle cells, + SKIN ADNEXA Dermis

  16. Skin derivatives (adnexa) • Keratinized type: - hair - nail • Non-keratinized type: - sweat gland - sebaceous gland - mammary gland

  17. Hair (pilus) • Scapus • Radix • Bulbus • M. arrector pili • Gl. sebacecea

  18. Hair and hair follicle: Scapus pili Radix pili: kutikula kůra dřeň Zevní kořenová pochva Vnitřní kořenová pochva Vazivová pochva Vazivová papila (papilla pili) epidermis dermis gl. sebacea m. arrector pili Bulbus pili

  19. Hair / pilus dermal sheath (3) outer epithel. sheath (2) inner epithel. sheath (1): Henle Huxley sheath cuticule hair cuticule cortex (dřeň) papilla blood vessels hair (medulla) melanocytes

  20. Skin with hair (HES) m. arrector pili

  21. Skin with hair (HEŠ) Dermal sheath Hair follicle Hair: cortex Bulbus pili Melanocytes Papilla pili

  22. hair spruce-cone Hair cuticle

  23. Nail (unguis) Nail plate (str. corneum) Radix unguis Epithelial bed (str. germinativum) Lectulusunguis kost Periost Kůže bříška prstu

  24. Nail (HE, longitudinal section)

  25. Nail (HE, cross section) Nail plate Epithelial bed Vallum unguis Sulcus unguis Dermal bed (lectulus unguis) Bone of distal phalanga

  26. Skin glands small – tubular eccrine • sweat gland large – tuboalveolarapocrine • sebaceous gland – alveolar holocrine • mammary gland – tuboalveolar

  27. Sweat glandsgll. sudoriferae • Tubular glands: • secretory portion • duct • epidermal canal • Eccrine (eccrinae) – small, • Apocrine (apocrinae) – large, aromatic eccrine apocrine

  28. Sweat glands • duct: in epidermis – intraepidermal canal in dermis – 2layered squamous epithelium • Secretory portion: „glomerulus“ - dark cells - mucopolyssacharides - light cells – H2O and ions - myoepithelial cells - glandular cells - myoepithelial cells Secretion: H20, proteins, Nacl, NH3, urea, uric acid Apocrine glands - occurrence: axilla, cirkumanal region, labia pudendi minores, areola mammae, glands of Moll In palpebra, gll. ceruminosae Secretion: H20, proteins, steroids

  29. Epidermal canal of sweat gland:

  30. Eccrine sweat glands

  31. Apocrine sweat glands

  32. duct: stratified squamous ep. Secretory portion – filled with cells Secretion: triacylglycerol, cholesterol, squalene Sebaceous glands alveolar, holocrine

  33. Gl. sebaceae (HE) Pyknotic nucleus Center of alveol Basal cells – proliferating („germinal“) cells

  34. Mammary glandgl. mammae Tuboalveolar gland

  35. Age and functinal differences of mammary gland structure

  36. Mamma non lactans

  37. Mamma lactans

  38. Mamma non lactans (1, 2) and mamma lactans (3,4) 3 1 2 4

  39. Intergumentary system Slides: • 69. Skin from tip of finger (HE) • 70. Skin from axilla (HE) • 71. Skin with hair (HE) • 72. Nail (HE, longitudinal or cross section) • 73. Mamma non lactans (HE) • 74. Mamma lactans (HE)

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