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Understanding Mixtures and Solutions: Properties, Separation Techniques, and Characteristics

Learn about the properties of mixtures, separation techniques like distillation and centrifuge, and differences between mixtures, compounds, and solutions. Discover the characteristics of solutions, rate of dissolving, suspensions, and colloids.

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Understanding Mixtures and Solutions: Properties, Separation Techniques, and Characteristics

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  1. Mixtures

  2. Properties of Mixtures -a mixture is a combination of two or more substances that ARE NOT chemically combined (they DO NOTform a compound!) EXAMPLE: Pizza - the crust, tomato sauce, cheese, and toppings do not react chemically with each other -each substance keeps its identity -in some (like the pizza) you can see the individual substances -in others (like salt water) you can't -CAN be broken down, or separated, by physical change -some easier to separate than others COMMON SEPARATION TECHNIQUES Ü

  3. COMMON SEPARATION TECHNIQUES Distillation – separates a mixture based on the boiling points of the components Magnetism - a magnet can be used to separate iron from a mixture Centrifuge - a machine that spins and separates mixtures according to the densities of their components Multi-step Separation - Sometimes more than one step needed to separate mixtures (other substances may even need to be added)

  4. -no definite ratio of components -doesn't matter how much of each substance there is, because they don't combine chemically EXAMPLE: Granite - composed of: quartz, mica,& feldspar different concentrations of each mineral affect the color of the sample, but it is still granite because it is a mixture of those same 3 minerals Mixtures vs. Compounds Mixtures: components are elements, compounds, or both components keep original properties separated by physical means no set ratio of components Compounds: components are elements components lose original properties separated by chemical means set mass ratio of components

  5. Solutions -a solution is a mixture that appears to be a single substance but is composed of particles of 2 or more substances that are distributed evenly amongst each other -solutions are homogeneous (same properties and appearance throughout) -solute (substance that is dissolved) -solvent (substance in which the solute is dissolved) -solutions may be: solid (alloys like steel or brass) liquid (like saltwater or antifreeze) gas (like the air we breathe) -see the chart on page 245

  6. Properties of Solutions • -tiny particles: particles are so small that they never settle • out, cannot be filtered, and do not scatter light • -concentration : measure of how much solute is • dissolved in a solvent (expressed in grams per milliliter) • -more solute = concentrated • -less solute = dilute • - saturated : a solution that holds all the solute it can at a • certain temperature • unsaturated :a solution that holds less than it can at a certain • temperature • -solubility : the amount of solute needed to make a • saturated solution using a given amount of solvent at a • certain temperature (expressed in grams of solute per • 100 ml of solvent)

  7. Rate of Dissolving -many factors affect how fast a solid dissolves into a liquid -to speed up dissolving: Mixing - stirring or shaking causes particles of solute to break apart and spread out more quickly Heating - adds energy, causing particles to move more quickly which allows solvent particles to separate solute particles and spread them out Crushing - crushing the solute increases contact between it and the solvent so the particles mix more quickly

  8. Suspensions -a suspension is a mixture in which particles of a material are dispersed throughout a liquid or gas but are large enough to settle out -particles are insoluble (do not dissolve) -called heterogeneous(components can easily be seen) -particles are large and scatter or block light -particles too heavy to remain suspended, so they settle to the bottom (unless shaken or stirred) -can be separated by passing through a filter EXAMPLES: liquid antacid, salad dressing, snow globes

  9. Colloids -a colloid :mixture in which the particles are dispersed throughout but are not heavy enough to settle out -particles are fairly small and well mixed -solids, liquids, and gases can be used to make them -particles are small, but large enough to scatter light -cannot be separated by filtration (particles small enough to pass through filter) EXAMPLES: gelatin (jell-o), whipped cream, butter, mayonnaise, stick deodorant

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