Difference Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cell

1. Difference Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cell

2. Cell • The cellLatincella, meaning "small room”. • Basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known livingorganisms. • Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, • "building blocks of life“ • There are two types of cells, eukaryotes, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotes, which do not.

3. PROKARYOTIC CELLS

5. Functions of Cells • A boundary that keeps the cellular contents separate from the external environment but allows for the transfer of some substances into and out of the cell. • Replication of DNA • Synthesis of cellular components • The ability to obtain energy through metabolic processes

6. Appendages are basically involved in movement or adhesion • Flagella (singular flagellum) are cellular appendages that consist of three parts: 1. A filament that rotates for movement 2. A hook where the filament attaches 3. A basal body that anchors the hook to the cell • The arrangement of the hook/basal body articulation allows the hook with its filament to rotate 360o

8. Arrangements of Flagella

9. Axial filaments • Modified flagella that occur in spirochetes

10. Cell envelopes differ between taxa but they basically consist of three layers: • The capsule or slime layer (outermost layer) differs greatly in thickness, organization and chemical composition depending on the bacterial species. • Beneath the outer layer lies the cell wall. • The cell membrane is a thin flexible sheet that surrounds the contents of the bacterial cell. Its functions include: transport, energy extraction, nutrient processing, and synthesis

12. The Gram Stain

13. The protoplasm or cytoplasm • Dense gelatinous solution within the cell membrane • Primary site for the cell’s biochemical and synthetic processes.

14. Nuclear region • chromatin body or the bacterial chromosome • Nucleoid or nuclear region of the cell that is associated with the chromatin body

15. Plasmids • Plasmids are tiny circular extra chromosomal strands of DNA • Ribosomes are small structures consisting of RNA and proteins that are involved in protein synthesis

16. Inclusions or granules • Inclusions or granules are areas where nutrients are concentrated • Endospores are dormant structures produced by some species of Bacillus and Clostridium.

17. Shapes and arrangements of bacteria

18. FUNGI • Fungi are eukaryotic protista; differ from bacteria and other prokaryotes. • Cell walls containing chitin (rigidity & support) ,other polysaccharides • Cytoplasmic membrane contains ergosterols • Possess true nuclei with nuclear membrane & paired chromosomes. • Divide asexually, sexually or by both • Unicellular or multicellular

19. Simplest fungus :- Unicellular budding yeast • Hypha :- Elongation of apical cell produces a tubular, thread like structure called hypha • Mycelium :- Tangled mass of hyphae is called mycelium. Fungi producing mycelia are called molds or filamentous fungi. • Hyphae may be septate or non-septate

20. CLASSIFICATION • Depending on cell morphology • Yeasts • Yeast like fungi • Molds • Dimorphic fungi

21. Eukaryotic Cell

22. CELL MEMBRANE StructureComponents Arrangement Functions Barrier Transport (know diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport) Recognition (e.g., self vs. non-self) Reception (for protein hormones) Adhesion

24. Nucleus Structure and Function • membrane similar to cell membrane (similar function) • Nucleolus (formation of ribosomes) • Chromosomes (gene expression) • Nucleoplasm (matrix)

25. Ribosomes • Structure • rRNA • Proteins • Function • Site of protein formation (translation) • Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (different structurally)

26. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Structure membranous system of tunnels and sacs • Rough – with ribosomes on surface • Smooth- no ribosomes on surface • Function • Rough – protein synthesis • Smooth- lipid synthesis

27. Golgi Apparatus • Structure also membranous, kind of like a stack of pancakes • Function processing of lipids and proteins

28. LYSOSOMES • Structure Membrane bound sac containing hydrolytic enzymes • Function Digestion

29. Mitochondria • Structure – cigar-shaped, double membrane-bound organelle • Function – Energy transfer by ATP synthesis

30. Chloroplast • Structure Also cigar or spindle shaped, double membrane-bound, green • Function photosynthesis

31. Other structure • Cell walls, not in animal cells • Vacuoles • Cytoskeleton • Cytoplasm

32. Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

36. 6 Nucleus

37. Number of chromosomes per cell depends upon the type of organism. Each cell Has only one chromosome Number of chromosomes 9.

41. 16. Cell organelles

47. CONCLUSION • Cell are basic unit of organization or structure of all living matter • There are two types of cell,that are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell • There are are so many difference in between them include occurance,size,cell wall, nucleus ,nuclear membrane, cell organelles respiration, sexual system ,protein synthesis.

48. REFERENCE • Prescott LM Harley JP and Klein DA-Microbiology • John Webster-Introduction to fungi • Voet and voet • Tortora-Microbiology an introduction • Pelczar Jr.MJ Chan,Ecs and Kreig-Microbiology • Lehninger’s principle of biochemistry