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Unit 2 Consonants: Stops

Unit 2 Consonants: Stops. Content. 1. consonants vs. vowels 2. description of consonants 3. st op: /p/ /t/ /k/ /b/ /d/ /g/ 4. the pronunciation and allophonic variation of stops 5. Listening and speaking practice. consonants vs. vowels.

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Unit 2 Consonants: Stops

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  1. Unit 2 Consonants: Stops

  2. Content • 1. consonants vs. vowels • 2. description of consonants • 3. stop: /p/ /t/ /k/ /b/ /d/ /g/ • 4. the pronunciation and allophonic variation of stops • 5. Listening and speaking practice

  3. consonants vs. vowels • Consonants are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction. • A vowel is produced without such stricture so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose. • The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.

  4. description of consonants English consonants can be classified according to 1. the place of articulation 2. the manner of articulation 3. the state of the vocal cords

  5. the place of articulation • 1.bilabial (two lips)双唇音 • 2.labio-dental (top teeth/bottom lip)唇齿音 • 3.dental (tongue tip/top teeth)舌尖齿音 • 4.alveolar (tongue tip/tooth ridge)舌尖齿龈音 • 5.post alveolar (tongue tip or mid/hard palate) • 6.palatal (tongue mid/hard palate)舌中硬腭音 • 7.velar (tongue back/ soft palate)舌根软腭音 • 8. glottal 喉音

  6. the manner of articulation • 1.Stops (or plosives)爆破音、塞音 • 2.Fricatives摩擦音 • 3.Affricates破擦音 • 4.Nasals鼻音 • 5.Lateral旁流音 • 6. Approximants延续音

  7. the state of the vocal cords • Voiced vs voiceless • 发音时声带不震动、送气的叫清辅音,12个； • 发音时声带震动、不送气的叫浊辅音, 合计16个。

  8. Stops/Plosives • English has six bursts or explosive sounds produced by complete closure of the vocal tract followed by a rapid release of the closure . • /p/ /t/ /k/ /b/ /d/ /g/

  9. the pronunciation and allophonic variation of stops • /p/- voiceless bilabial stop • /b/- voiced bilabial stop • /t/- voiceless alveolar stop • /d/- voiced alveolar stop • /k/- voiceless velar stop • /g/- voiced velar stop

  10. The pronunciation of /p/ and /b/

  11. The pronunciation of /t/ and /d/

  12. The pronunciation of /k/ and /g/

  13. Allophonic variations of /p/ • Allophone Occurrence Example • [p] Aspirated release in initial word and stressed positions poke • [p-] Unreleased in word final position top ten • [p ] Unaspirated release in clusters, esp. after /s/ spot • [p:] Lengthening, when an arresting /p/ is followed • by a releasing /p/ Stop Pete. • [p] Nasal release, before a syllabic nasal Stop him.

  14. Allophonic variations of /b/: • Allophone Occurrence Example • [b-] Unreleased in word final position rob • [b:] lengthened when an arresting /b/ is followed • by a releasing /b/ Rob Bob. • [b] Nasal resonance, before a syllabic nasal Rob him.

  15. Allophonic variations of /t/: • Allophone Occurrence Example • [t] Aspirated release in word initial and stressed positions tape • [t-] Unreleased in word final position coat • [t ] Unaspirated release in consonant cluster, esp. with /s/ stop • [t] Dentalized before // eighth • [t] Nasal release, before a syllabic nasal button • [] Flapped, intervocalically letter • [] Glottal stop, before syllabic [n] or [l] button • [t:] Lengthening, when an arresting /t/ is followed • by a releasing /t/ let Tim • [tr] Affrication of initial position /tr/ train

  16. Allophonic variations of /d/: • Allophone Occurrence Example • [d] Dentalized before an interdental width • [d-] Unreleased in word final position dad • [ dl ] Bilateral release with /l/ padlock • [d] Nasal release, before a syllabic nasal bread'n butter • [ ] Flapped, intervocalically ladder • [d:] Lengthening, when an arresting /d/ is followed • by a releasing /d/ sad Dave • [d3r] Affrication of initial position /dr/ drain

  17. Allophonic variations of /k/: • Allophone Occurrence Example • [k] Aspirated release in word initial and stressed positions keep • [k-] Unreleased in word final position take • [k] Unaspirated release in consonant cluster, esp. with /s/ sky • [k:] Lengthening, when an arresting /k/ is followed • by a releasing /k/ take Kim • [k] Nasal release, before a syllabic nasal beacon • [ kl ] Bilateral release with /l/ clock • [c] or [k] Assimilated to a front sound keen • [] Glottal stop, before syllabic [n] bacon • [k] Rounded, before a rounded sound quarter

  18. Allophonic variations of //: • Allophone Occurrence Example • [-] Unreleased in word final position and some clusters flag • [:] Lengthening, when an arresting // is followed • by a releasing // big grapes • [l ] Bilateral release before /l/ glad • [] Nasal release, before a syllabic nasal pig and goat • [] or [] Assimilated to a fronted sound geese • [] Rounded, before a rounded sound goose

  19. 5. Listening and speaking practice

  20. 6. Homework • 1. Listening for information & imitation • 2. Pronunciation for communication • 3. Preview unit 3

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