Presentation Transcript

1. Social & Economic Change 1800-1860

2. Westward Migration People moving to find greater opportunity Land ownership Hard lifestyle—especially women “Rugged Individualism” Independent Self Sufficient Yet, relied on neighbors and government
3. The Early West Mountain Men Rendezvous Exploiting the natural resouces Yellowstone 1872 American wilderness makes a truly American identity

4. Immigration & Migration

5. Who do you think the following quote is about? “They may soon so outnumber us, that all the advantages we have will in my opinion, be not able to preserve our language and even our government will become precarious.” Stated by Ben Franklin about the Germans
6. Immigration Population Increase in the U.S.: High birthrate (greatest increase) 1840s & 1850s, 3 million German & Irish 60 million abandoned Europe between 1840 & 1940; 35 million to the U.S. Why did immigrants come to the U.S.? Irish? Germans?
7. Effects of Irish Immigration Roman Catholicism Competition for jobs NINA Molly Maguires Cultivation of Irish vote Political machines– New York (Tammany Hall) Spoils system Why mostly in cities? Improved standard of living over time
8. Effects of German Immigration Settled in Midwest, particularly Wisconsin More money than Irish immigrants Less political influence– spread out Contributions: Conestoga wagon Christmas trees Public schools– Kindergarten Beer drinkers & casual churchgoers
9. Immigration from Germany, 1820-2008 Source: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, 2008. Figures include only immigrants who obtained legal permanent resident status.
10. Reactions to Immigrants Fear of Roman Catholicism & its influence Wage competition 1849, Know-Nothing/American Party Violence Economic expansion– prevented this from getting worse
11. FRQ Compare the Experiences of the following groups of immigrants during the period 1830-1860. Irish German
12. Industrialization Transformations in agriculture, communication, and transportation U.S. lacks resources necessary to industrialize (at first): Labor– scarce; land was plentiful Capital– scarce Raw materials– undiscovered & undeveloped Difficult to compete w/ British products U.S. did have consumers
13. Your FRQ (2008) Analyze the impact of the market revolution (1815-1860) on the economies of thefollowing regions The Northeast The Midwest The South
14. Market Revolution
15. Inventions Samuel Slater & Moses Brown Spinning machine Eli Whitney Cotton gin Interchangeable parts– mass production Elias Howe & Isaac Singer Sewing machine Samuel Morse Telegraph Concept of limited liability– encouraged investing
16. Why the North? New England, NJ, NY, Pennsylvania Rocky soil– little farming; manufacturing attractive Rapid rivers– water power More capital More labor (immigrants, etc.) Protective tariffs
17. Effects of Industrialization Horrible working conditions Child labor Universal male suffrage– workers made demands Labor unions– 300,000 trade unionists by 1830 Commonwealth v. Hunt
18. Women & Industrialization Lowell System Unskilled labor Workingwomen were single Cult of Domesticity for married women Separate sphere for women Domestic feminism
19. Agricultural Improvements John Deere Steel Plow Cyrus McCormick Mower-Reaper (mechanized) Production increased; need for more markets Need for better transportation More machinery = more debt
20. Effects of Improvements Economic specialization by region. Sectionalism Separate spheres for men and women Increased standard of living Increased gap between rich and poor Social mobility existed (not as prevalent though) Wages increased
21. Transportation Improvements Turnpikes (Lancaster Turnpike– PA) Stagecoach Conestoga Wagon Cumberland (National) Road (1811) Robert Fulton– steamboat Canals Erie Canal (1825)-- Clinton’s Big Ditch Railroad (1828) Clipper ships Pony Express (for mail delivery)
22. Religious Change
23. Deism Thomas Paine’s Age of Reason Reason over revelation Rejected original sin Rejected Christ’s divinity God doesn’t intervene except according to natural law; clockmaker theory Human beings– moral creatures Events happen– natural law– scientific explanations
24. Unitarianism Doesn’t accept the Trinity Denies divinity of Christ Humans– naturally good Free will Salvation by good works Loving God Appeals to intellectuals Rational & optimistic– based on ideals of Enlightenment
25. Second Great Awakening Religious revivalism Camp meetings Increased church membership Methodists & Baptists Personal conversion & Emotion Democratic control of church
26. Second Great Awakening Peter Cartwright Methodist circuit rider Masculine Christianity Charles Finney Religious revivals Anxious benches Role of women– praying in public Denounced alcohol & slavery
27. Second Great Awakening Role of women Church membership & beliefs Bring families to God Reformers Charitable organizations—salvation by good works Burned-out district Itinerant preachers Emotional & participatory
28. Mormons Joseph Smith Personal revelation The Book of Mormon– gold plates Persecuted because: Communal & sometimes isolated Voting block Viewed as a threat to U.S. values
29. Mormons Brigham Young Trek to Utah Theocracy & Commonwealth Immigration– missionary movement Prophet– receives revelation Conflicts w/ federal govt. Polygamy Delayed statehood
30. Effects of Second Great Awakening New denominations: Mormons (Joseph Smith) Adventists (William Miller) Doesn’t effect traditional religions Influences less wealthy, less educated segments Participation in reform movements Led to some church divisions
31. Reform Movements
32. Reform Movements Education Reform Free public education—promote patriotism Horace Mann, Noah Webster, & William McGuffey Higher education State-sponsored universities Females admitted or colleges for women est. Catherine Beecher Prison Reform Abolition of debtors’ prisons Capital offenses limited Reformatories
33. Reform Movements Dorothea Dix Improved conditions for mentally ill Temperance Role of alcoholism American Temperance Society (1826) Maine Law of 1851 Neal S. Dow Father of Prohibition Connected to Second Great Awakening
34. Feminist Movement Cult of domesticity & separate spheres Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Grimke Sisters (Sarah & Angelina) Lucy Stone Amelia Bloomer Seneca Falls Conference (1848) All men and women are created equal Declaration of Sentiments National Woman Suffrage Association formed
35. Utopian Communities Robert Owen– New Harmony, Indiana Brook Farm in Massachusetts Oneida Community in New York (1848) Shakers– Mother Ann Lee Mormons
36. Some historians claim the reform movements in the mid-1800s upheld the ideals of the “common man” of JacksonianDemocracy. Assess the validity of this statement.
37. American reform movements between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and pessimistic views of human nature and society.” Assess the validity of this statement in reference to reform movements in THREE of the following areas. Education Temperance Woman’s rights Utopians experiments Penal institutions
38. Art, Literature, & Science
39. Art & Literature Monticello & University of Virginia Charles Wilson Peale & John Trumbull Hudson River School Daguerreotypes Distinctly American literature James Fenimore Cooper Washington Irving
40. Literature Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Herman Melville Emily Dickinson Edgar Allen Poe
41. Science Practical science versus theoretical science Inventions John James Audobon
42. John Tyler (1841-1845) Democrat in Whig’s clothing Vetoed “Fiscal Bank” Vetoed Whig Tariff Scheme Rates finally dropped to 32% Webster-Ashburton Treaty
43. Cold War w/ Britain Panic of 1837– defaulting on bonds Caroline Incident (1837) Asylum to slaves (1840) Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) Oregon Dispute (1846) Columbia River or 54°40’ 49th parallel
44. James K. Polk (1845-1849) Polk (Democrat) vs. Clay (Whig) Manifest Destiny 4-point program: Lowered tariff (25%)– Walker Tariff of 1846 Restore Independent Treasury (1846) Gain Oregon at 49th parallel British offered a compromise & Senate accepted (1846) 54°40’ or Fight died out quickly Gain California and Texas (1848)
45. Mexican War-- Causes Manifest Destiny Tyler signed joint resolution to annex Texas Polk’s election Prior acquisition of territory Westward expansion Mexico refuses to recognize Texan independence Rio Grande vs. Nueces River Fears of Britain seizing California
46. Mexican War-- Events General Zachary Taylor marched from Nueces to Rio Grande Mexicans attacked Taylor’s forces U.S. declared war (1846)– American blood on American soil ?? Lincoln’s spot resolutions Blockade of Mexico Santa Anna’s betrayals Stephen Kearny & John Fremont– California General Winfield Scott– Mexico City Difficulties but won
47. Mexican War-- Effects Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– 1848 Texas California Paid over $18 million Condemned– those who didn’t want Mexico and those who wanted all of it. More territory added than LA Purchase Training ground for and precursor to Civil War Colossus of the North Wilmot Proviso