Finish the Big Squeeze

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2. Finish the Big Squeeze

3. Vocab • Cellular Respiration: breaking dwnglucose into energy • Aerobic Respiration:respthat occurs with O2 • Anaerobic Respiration:respthat occurs w/o O2 • Pyruvate: 3 carbon sugar • Glucose: 6 carbon sugar • Glycolysis: glucose is broken dwnto two molecules of pyruvate

4. Aerobic Respiration • Occurs in three stages • Glycolysis • Krebs's Cycle • Electron Transport Chain

5. Can occur with or without oxygen Aerobic Respiration: resp that occurs with O2 • Three Stages: • Each stage involves a series of chem . rxnsto prod. ATP for E Stages : Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain http://biocom.wikispaces.com/Photosynthesis+%26+Cell+Respiration

6. Glycolysis: First Stage Aerobic INPUT • Location: Cytosol (outside/mitoch) • Goal: • Glucose: two molecules of pyruvate Glucose • Begin: 6-C Sugar • 2 ATP molecules trnsfra phosphate to glucose • Glucose: 2 molecules containing 3 carbons • Rearrange C atoms: pyruvate. ATP and NADH are produced • 2molecules of pyruvate formed • Pyruvate: 3 C-Sugar Pyruvate OUTPUT http://jasowers13.edublogs.org/2011/06/08/8-1-2-outline-the-process-of-glycolysis-including-phosphorylation-lysis-oxidation-and-atp-formation/ Diagram modified by: Tiffany Adams

7. INPUT C C C Krebs Cycle :Stage Two Pyruvate NAD+ • 2 molecules of pyruvate enter the mitochondria • Each pyruvate is converted to a 2-C molecule • Enzymes release CO2 from pyruvate • NADH & ATP produced • Two more ATP molecules • Total ATP so far=6 NADH CO2 C C NADH Krebs Cycle NAD+ CO2 NAD+ NADH ADP 2ATP OUTPUT CO2 Created by Tiffany Adams based on textbook Figure 7.11 page 324. BSCS Science: An Inquiry Approach. Colorado: Kendall Hunt, 2006

8. Electron Transport Chain • Uses the NADH from previous stages • NADH molecules carry the H atoms • H separated: electrons & protons • Electrons move from carrier to the next they release Energy • Protons are pumped across the membrane drives ATP production • Protons diffuse are pumped thru ATP synthase (creating the most ATP) • End: electrons and protons join with O2 to form H2O(OUTPUT) • 36 ATP PRODUCED http://biochemistryforlife.wikispaces.com/Respiration http://icanhasscience.com/fun-stuff/sour-patch-kids-are-full-of-protons/

9. Aerobic Respiration RECAP:Write this down • Aerobic Respiration: • Occurs in three stages: Must have Oxygen • Glycolysis: glucose-pyruvate, 2 ATP • Krebs's Cycle: pyruvate-CO2, 2 ATP • ETC: NADH from previous stages, H2O -36 ATP

10. Anaerobic Respiration • Glycolysis • Fermentation

11. Anaerobic Respiration • Anaerobic respiration: O2NOT required • Glucose: pyruvate and small amount of ATP • ATP production ends glycolysis • Pyruvate is converted into other molecules (fermentation) Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation/Lactate Net ATP =2 Citric acid cycle= Krebs cycle Net ATP=36 http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch09/anaerobic.html

12. Vocab • Fermentation:a cell has a short supply of oxygen (a body is running at full speed away from a lion ) will not use anaerobic respiration but will start fermentation • Fermentation extends glycolysis with extra reactions that replenish NAD+, • Keeps glycolysis running producing small amounts of ATP.

13. Two Types of Fermentation • Lactic acid fermentation • happens in bacteria, fungi, and animal cells. • an anaerobic fermentation reaction • In activities that require high amount of glucose to be consumed by our muscles (exercise), • energy is obtained from anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate and the by-product is lactate

14. Two Types of Fermentation • Lactic acid fermentation • When we exercise, the amount of lactate produced exceeds the rate at which the muscles can remove it • leads to an uncomfortable, burning sensation in the muscles, especially those of the arms and legs, and is not responsible for the muscle soreness experienced by the person the day after. • In fact, the burning sensation is just a warning sign that we are doing something that is a bit too hot to handle for our muscles. • Lactate • The terms "lactate" and "lactic acid" are often used interchangeably, but there is a difference: • lactic acid is an acid, which means it can release a hydrogen ion and bind with a positively charged sodium or potassium ion to form an acid salt. • lactate production is part of the way your muscles get fuel to keep working, and exercising at too high an intensity for too long will lead to the buildup of lactic acid, which will make your working muscles burn.

15. Two Types of Fermentation • Alcoholic Fermentation • similar to lactic acid fermentation • Instead of the pyruvate being reduced to lactate, it is reduced to ethanol, and lets off two molecules of CO2 along the way • Used by: bacteria and yeast (yeast are fungi, btw). • Humans "use" alcohol fermentation in another way, by using it to make bread, beer and wine.

16. Anaerobic Respiration • No Oxygen • Glycolysis extended • Fermentation • Only 2 ATP produced

17. Similarities and differences to anaerobic and aerobic respiration http://gottalovebio.wikispaces.com/H+Giavedoni

18. Biosynthesis • ATP provides energy for biosynthesis reactions in cells • Biosynthesis reactions form larger, more complex molecules from less-complex molecules • Ex: starch from glucose • Biosynthesis helps organisms to grow and maintain their structure • Definition provided by definition bing.com • biological production of chemical substances: the synthesis of chemical substances as the result of biological activity