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Chapter 4 Language

Chapter 4 Language. Nature and Use of Language (page 98-102). Language: a collection of symbols governed by rules and used o convey messages between individuals. Language is Symbolic - Language is Body of Symbols Meanings are in people, NOT in words Language is Rule Governed.

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Chapter 4 Language

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  1. Chapter 4 Language

  2. Nature and Use of Language (page 98-102) Language: a collection of symbols governed by rules and used o convey messages between individuals. • Language is Symbolic - Language is Body of Symbols • Meanings are in people, NOT in words • Language is Rule Governed

  3. Language and Meaning • Meanings are in people, not words. • Words have two levels of meaning: Denotation and Connotation • Meaning varies depending on syntactic context • Language will change over time • Language of dominant group absorbs language from immigrants

  4. The Power of Language (page 102-109) • Naming and Identity • Influence on elections (Barrack who???) (G.W. Smith, 1998) • Popular names (Steele and Smithwick, 1989) • Names and ethnicity (California statistic) (Fryer and Levitt, 2004) • Name and marriage (unity vs. independence) • Credibility – Dr. Fox hypothesis • Status • Sexism and Racism

  5. Troublesome Language (page 109) • Equivocal language consists of statements that have more than one commonly accepted definition. (page 110) Family catches fire just in time Trees can break wind

  6. Troublesome Language (page 110) • Relative words gain their meaning by comparison good chance? unlikely? common?

  7. Slang and Jargon (page 111-112) • Slang: language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar coculture or other group. (groovy, tight…) • Jargon: the specialized vocabulary that functions as a kind of shorthand for people with common backgrounds and experiences. (touchdown…)

  8. Overly Abstract Language (page 112) • As we move from abstract to specific, we also move from abstract to concrete. Gambling Games of Skill Card Games Poker Seven Card Stud • Use Concrete, Precise, and Dated information!

  9. Disruptive Language (page 115) • Emotive language seems to describe something but actually announces the speaker’s attitude toward it. I’m not cheap, I am thrifty.

  10. Disruptive Language (page 117) • Euphemism – to use words of good omen • She is “plump” or “thick” or “big-boned” • She is NOT “fat”

  11. Gender and Language (page 118-121) Women (Feminine Styles of Language) • Women Tend to Use More Intensifiers (He’s really cute.) and Hedges • Women communicate to build relationships • Women use words of empathy and support • Discuss feelings, relationships, personal problems • Women Ask Questions More Frequently • To Gain More Information • To Get Elaboration • To Determine How Others Feel

  12. Gender and Language (page 118-121) Men (Masculine styles of Language) • Use words of status and problem solving • Emphasize making conversation fun • Communicate to get the job done • Offer advice • Use statements to exert control, preserve their independence, enhance their status. • Speech is judged more dynamic, aggressive, and strong.

  13. Cultural and Language (page 122-125) • Low-context Cultures: • People say what they mean and get right to the point. • Clear , eloquent speech is considered praiseworthy. • Self expression valued

  14. Cultural and Language (page 122-125) • High-context Cultures: • People present meanings indirectly, and expect others to use context cues to interpret meaning. • Relational Harmony valued and maintained by indirect expression of opinions. • Abstain from saying “no” directly • Talk “around” the point by allowing others to fill in the missing pieces.

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