Important MACROMOLECULES (“Large Molecules”) Used in Biological Systems:

1. ImportantMACROMOLECULES(“Large Molecules”)Used in Biological Systems: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

2. What Are They??? • Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids are the 4 major classes of organic compounds in cells. • Because these are very large molecules and very important in Biological Systems, we refer to these 4 classes of organic compounds as the MACROmolecules of Life.

3. Important Terminology • Compound: Two or more DIFFERENT molecules combined. • Example: Water molecules bound together with hydrogen bonds are NOT compounds • Example: Sucrose (table sugar) is a compound. (More than one type of molecule present. • Mixture: Two or more DIFFERENT compounds combined. • Organic: Any molecule that contains a carbon atom. **All of the macromolecules discussed in this presentation are organic**

4. Important Terminology (cont.) • Monomer: • Simplest single-carbon component of a compound or macromolecule. • Dimer: • Two monomers combined. • Polymer: • Many monomers combined to form a large “macro” molecule

5. Composition of Macromolecules • Elements Involved: • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • Phosphorous • Formulas: • Carbohydrates =CH2O • Lipids = CHO • Proteins = CHON • Nucleic Acids = CHONP • ALL OF THESE MACROMOLECULES ARE ORGANIC

6. Composition of Macromolecules(continued) • Monomers Involved: • Carbohydrates: monosaccharides • Lipids: glycerol and fatty acids • Proteins: Amino Acids • There are 20 Amino Acids used to make proteins in mammals. • Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides • Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a ribose sugar. There are 5 known nucleotides.

7. CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O) • Monomers of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides • Carbon Water (C6H12O6 ==> CH2O) • Carbohydrates are Sugars! • Saccharide = greek word for sugar • Where saccharin (artificial sweetener) got its name • Carbohydrates usually end with the –ose suffix

8. Classification (Forms) of Carbs • Monosaccharide • One saccharide molecule • aka Simple sugars • monomers that comprise carbohydrates • Examples: • Glucose – used in Cellular Respiration • Fructose – fruit sugar • Galactose – part of Milk sugar • Ribose – part of DNA and RNA molecules

9. Classification (Forms) of Carbs (cont.) • Disaccharide • Two monosaccharides combined • Examples: • Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose(table sugar) • Maltose = Glucose + Glucose (malted milk balls, ice cream malts) • Lactose = Glucose + Galactose(milk sugar; lactation)

10. Classification (Forms) of Carbs (cont.) • Polysaccharide • Many monosaccharides combined • Very large molecules • Complex Carbohydrates • Examples: • Glycogen – NRG storage in mammals • Starch – NRG stored in plants; Pasta • Cellulose – Paper; humans can’t digest Long chains of glucose

11. Uses of carbohydrates • Used as a primary source of NRG in humans. • Strength and Rigidity in plants • Sweetener • Paper • Thickeners • Example of Medical use: • Heparin (polysaccharide) • (Hep-lock) • Used to prevent excessive blood clotting when administering IV fluids in hospitals

12. LIPIDS (CHO) • Monomers of Lipids: • Fatty Acids and glycerol • Lipids are Fats! • Basic Elements: • CHO • Some Lipids are called “saturated” and some are called “Unsaturated.” • Saturated: All 4 of Carbon’s possible binding sites are bound by atoms. These are solids at room temperature. (Examples: Vaseline, Wax, Shortening) • Unsaturated: Not all of Carbon’s possible binding sites are bound by other atoms. Carbon will then form double bonds with other Carbon atoms. These are liquids at room temperature (Examples: Cooking Oil, gasoline)

13. Forms of Lipids • Triglyceride = glycerol + fatty acid chains • Lipids are stored in humans as triglycerides • Fatty acids have two regions • Hydrocarbon chain • Carboxyl group (COOH) • Steroids • Cholesterol • Bile salts • Male and female sex hormones • Estrogen and Progesterone • Testosterone • Wax • Phosopholipid – Part of Cell membrane • Prostaglandins • Raise and lower blood pressure • Contract smooth muscle (blood vessels, intestines)

14. Uses of Lipids • Used as a Secondary source of energy in humans • Construction of Cell Membranes • Helps to maintain Homeostasis (prostaglandins) • Protective Coatings • Waterproofing agents; Car Wax • Cooking • Petroleum Products • Gasoline; Paint Thinner; Vaseline • Candles

15. PROTEINS (CHON) • Monomers of proteins: Amino Acids • Basic Elemental Components: • CHON • 20 Amino Acids found in Mammals • Example of amino acids: • Glycine • Leucine • Amino acids usually end in –INE

16. PROTEINS & AMINO ACIDS • Single carbon amino acids = Peptides • Peptides are bound together to make DIPEPTIDES (2 peptides) or POLYPEPTIDES, (more than 2). • The covalent bond between 2 peptides is called a Peptide BOND. • Proteins are chains of amino acids AND Polypeptides are chains of amino acids! • PROTEINS = POLYPEPTIDES!!! Phe Met Leu Lys Trp

17. More on Proteins • Proteins are Temperature dependent! • High temperatures will “Denature” proteins, which means they will break down, lose their shape, and cease to function • Low Temperatures cause proteins such as enzymes to function less efficiently. • The Optimal temperature for Protein function is body temperature. • Body temperature is 98.6mF or ~32mC • Example: • Fevers are dangerous because proteins such as enzymes will stop functioning if temperature goes to high • Fresh vs. Canned Pineapple in Gelatin • Enzyme (Bromelain) found in fresh pineapple breaks down protein • Gelatin is a Protein. • Mix fresh pineapple in Gelatin: Gelatin won’t set • Use canned pineapple: Gelatin will set. Why? • Pineapple is heated during process of canning, which denatures bromelain

18. Forms of Proteins • Muscle tissue: • Proteins are stored in the body as muscle tissue • Last energy reserve but can be used as an NRG source if neither Carbohydrates nor Lipids are available. • Enzymes = Proteins • Act as catalysts for bodily reactions, which help reactions occur easier, faster, and with less energy. • Plant Proteins: Gluten • Example: Whey and Soy Protein Enzyme and Substrate

19. Uses and Examples of Proteins • Tertiary Energy Source in Humans • Facilitate Reactions (Enzymes) • Aid in Digestion (Enzymes) • Coded for by DNA and RNA • Examples (Forms): • Insulin • Some diabetics don’t produce this • Lactase • People who are Lactose Intolerant don’t produce this • Amylase • Found in saliva; breaks starch into individual glucose • Makes potatoes sweet if you keep them in your mouth long enough

20. NUCLEIC ACIDS (CHONP) • Monomers of Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides • Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous • Five nucleotides; Four in each of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA • Cytosine • Thymine • Adenine • Guanine • Uracil(replaces thymine in RNA) • FORMS: DNA and RNA • What does DNA and RNA stand for? • DNA= Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA= Ribonucleic Acid • FUNCTION: Stores Genetic information that codes for all the proteins in your body. • Used as a template or blue-prints to build proteins.