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Notes page. functions of the digestive system single cell digestive system simple gut one cavity complete tube sketch earthworm & label (next side of page) (leave space for each) grinding parts digestive enzymes absorption water removal elimination. Digestive System.

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  1. Notes page functions of the digestive system single cell digestive system simple gut one cavity complete tube sketch earthworm & label (next side of page) (leave space for each) grinding parts digestive enzymes absorption water removal elimination

  2. Digestive System The point of the digestive system: take in nutrients absorb nutrients eliminate wastes It’s all about ATP!!

  3. Type 1: (Earliest) Single Cell LYSIS means to “break” Enzymes do HYDROLYSIS: Break down larger particles LYSOSOMES are “bubbles” in the cell that contain enzymes

  4. Cell Digestion using lysosomes “PHAGOCYTOSIS” = “CELL EATING”

  5. Type 2: Simple Gut, one cavity One opening for entry & exit Gastrocavity

  6. Type 3: COMPLETE TUBE: Mouth for entry Anus for exit of waste Tube based intestines for absorption

  7. Worms (Platys) thru Humans!

  8. Worms thru Humans Arthropods

  9. Humans

  10. First line of digestion: Mouth, Teeth Animals without teeth have “gizzards” to grind up food! Teeth physically break up food Saliva: breaks down sugars

  11. Esophagus: tube for eating “phage” means “to eat” Expandable, muscular Movement through digestive system = “PERISTALSIS”

  12. STOMACH: digestion begins Acidic (low pH) Activates Enzymes Breaks bonds

  13. Special adaptations: extra stomachs! Animals that eat tough plants have extra stomachs to house bacteria that help them digest “Ruminants”: digest over time

  14. PANCREAS: secretes insulin Insulin opens channels on cells to let in sugar to make ATP! Diabetes type 1: cells that make insulin die. Diabetes type 2: receptors for insulin on cells don’t work

  15. Small Intestine: absorbs nutrients! Lots of SURFACE AREA, due to finger like villi (remember rug?)

  16. LARGE intestine: absorbs water! Absorbs water, salt, vitamins back into your body As it makes wastes more SOLID.

  17. Appendix: once it stored waste Now its pretty useless, can sometimes become infected. Appendicitis: infection of appendix

  18. LIVER: hundreds of functions Main one for digestion: BILE Liver makes BILE, an alkaline solution Neutralizes stomach acid Breaks down fats

  19. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • The point: • TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS • NUTRIENTS TO CELLS • WASTE AWAY FROM CELLS

  20. Type 1: simple diffusion (no blood)

  21. Type 2: OPEN (not complete vessels) Animals have “heart” Vessels empty into body cavity NO BLOOD: HEMOLYMPH

  22. Type 3: CLOSED (true blood) Blood always enclosed in vessels Materials diffuse out of blood into cells

  23. HEART: muscular organ that pushes blood Earthworm: AORTIC ARCHES Arthropods: TUBULAR HEART FISH… AMPHIBIANS… MAMMAL: CHAMBERED HEARTS

  24. Heart chambers

  25. CHAMBER NAMES WHICH SIDE IS RIGHT? WHICH SIDE IS LEFT? V V ATRIA (atrium): entrance VENTRICLES: BIG PUSH

  26. To lungs & body ‘PULMONARY’ means lungs AORTA means big bridge to body.

  27. Protective Sack around heart: PERICARDIUM Peri- like perimeter

  28. Cardiac Vessels Supply heart muscle with oxygen If they get blocked, they cause a “heart attack”. Bypass surgery

  29. VESSELS: arteries & veins Color due to oxygen: RED = oxygen BLUE = carbon dioxide ARTERIES carry blood away from heart (red blood usually) VEINS carry blood towards heart (blue blood usually)

  30. ARTERIES • Veins less muscular • Have valves to keep blood going right direction VEINS: blood moves due to your muscle movement VARICOSE veins: Valves fail, blood pools in vein Arteries very muscular & elastic Blood moves due to heart pumping

  31. Blood cell types Red: oxygen Platelets: clotting White: immune system cells

  32. Red blood cells: hemoglobin to carry oxygen

  33. How carbon monoxide kills: Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin TIGHTER THAN OXYGEN CAN One carbon monoxide is in the blood, it can’t come out Your body can’t use carbon monoxide to make ATP You die from lack of ATP

  34. Diseases of digestive system: NOBEL PRIZE! ULCERS: caused by bacteria attacking stomach lining

  35. Diseases of digestive system • Eating Disorders • ANOREXIA • BULEMIA • ETC. • Immune System • CROHN’S DISEASE • IRRITABLE BOWEL

  36. Diseases of digestive system Food poisoning: bacterial!!! NOROVIRUS: viral stomach flu Both spread from contaminated food when someone sick prepares food Often in dorms, cruise ships hotels.

  37. Diseases of circulatory system Heart attack: clot in coronary arteries causes heart muscle to die If muscle area is big enough, person can die. Fatty foods can cause narrowing of arteries

  38. Diseases of circulatory system Artherosclerosis : “artery hardening”: Arteries fill with cholesterol & fat, narrowing channel Then clot can cause blood stoppage, stroke, death

  39. Diseases of circulatory system Babies can be born with hole in septum, allows non-oxygenated blood through to body.

  40. Diseases of blood cells: • Anemia: not enough red blood cells • Iron supplements to help make hemoglobin Bone marrow transplants Leukemia: cancer of white blood cells (too many of them, and they don’t work properly)

  41. Bone marrow transplants:

  42. Heart transplants Use a machine to pump blood temporarily

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