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S8 EXAM REVIEW

S8 EXAM REVIEW. Physical Science. Physical Science is mainly the study of. MATTER & ENERGY. The two main branches of physical science are. CHEMISTRY & PHYSICS. Chemistry is the study of the interactions of. MATTER ( “stuff”). Physics is the study of forms of. ENERGY.

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S8 EXAM REVIEW

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  1. S8 EXAM REVIEW Physical Science

  2. Physical Science is mainly the study of MATTER & ENERGY Thetwo main branches of physical science are CHEMISTRY & PHYSICS Chemistry is the study of the interactions of MATTER ( “stuff”) Physics is the study of forms of ENERGY

  3. Experiments are designed to test What are the three types of scientific models? HYPOTHESES PHYSICAL CONCEPTUAL MATHEMETICAL GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A CONCEPTUAL MODEL THE ‘BIG BANG” THEORY

  4. THEORY vs LAW THEORY EXPLAINS Scientific theory is an explanation for phenomenon based on observation and experimental results. LAW STATES Scientific LAW is a statement or summary of many experimental results and observations.

  5. The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion INERTIA The amount of space an object takes up VOLUME A property of matter ( a measurement) that is affected by the gravitational force acting on it WEIGHT

  6. Particles in this state are far apart and move independently of each other GAS The absolute best way to tell that a chemical change has taken place is that NEW SUBSTANCE with NEW PROPERTIES is formed According to Charles’s Law, a balloon DECREASES in VOLUME when the TEMPERATURE DECREASES (stick figure of Charles showing goofy arms and legs with TV on them)

  7. How do elements form compounds? in a SPECIFIC MASS RATIO that are shown by subscriptsin achemical formula A pure substance made of two or more elements that are chemically combined COMPOUND The smallest particle into which an element can be divided and is still the same substance is ATOM

  8. The equation for Newton’s Second Law is F = m x a Examples of projectile motion always contain the expression of an object _______ the surface of the earth and an invisible __________ path as it ________ to earth. LEAVING CURVED RETURNS If sugar is dissolved in water, the water is known as the ____ and the sugar is called the SOLUTE. SOLVENT

  9. Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr all____ to the ___ of the ____ ____. CONTRIBUTED DEVELOPMENT ATOMIC THEORY Ernest Rutherford discovered the existence ( in the center of an atom) of a PROTON ISOTOPES always have the SAME number of ____ but different numbers of ___. same # PROTONS different # NEUTRONS

  10. A good description of the nan ucleus ( which contains almost all the mass of an atom) DENSE & POSITIVELY CHARGED The subatomic particle with the LEAST amount of MASS( almost massless) ELECTRON The most likely location of electron is in the ___ ___ according to modern atomic theory. ELECTRON CLOUD

  11. RULES FOR COUNTING ATOMS • SUBSCRIPTS only refer to the atom that they are BEHIND. For example… H2S There are TWO atoms of HYDROGEN and only ONE atom of SULFUR.

  12. COEFFICIENTS • COEFFICIENTS apply to the entire compound. You MULTIPLY the coefficients and SUBSCRIPTS. 2H2S ATOMS OF HYDROGEN: ATOMS OF SULFUR: 4 2 IF THERE ISN’T A SUBSCRIPT BEHIND AN ELEMENT, ASSUME THERE IS ONLY ONE ATOM OF THAT ELEMENT!

  13. PARENTHESES 3. If elements or compounds are inside of PARENTHESES, then the SUBSCRIPT behind the parentheses applies to everything inside. Ba(OH)2 ATOMS OF BARIUM: ATOMS OF OXYGEN: ATOMS OF HYDROGEN: 1 2 2

  14. LET’S PRACTICE! MgCl2 Atoms of Magnesium: Atoms of Chlorine: 1 2 Al2S3 Atoms of Aluminum: Atoms of Sulfur: 2 3

  15. What about this BAD BOY??? 2Ca3(PO4)2 Atoms of Calcium: Atoms of Phosphorus: Atoms of Oxygen: 6 4 16

  16. Balancing Chemical Equations List elements. Count atoms on reactant and product sides. Adjust COEFFICIENTS ONLY to obtain equal amounts of atoms.

  17. Then all you do is list the atoms that are involved on each side of the arrow Mg + O2 MgO First you need an equation with the correct “formulae” ………. You’ll probably be given this in the question Just like this one Mg + O2 MgO Mg O Mg O

  18. Mg + O2 MgO Mg + O2 MgO Mg O Mg O 1 1 2 1 Then start balancing: [1] Just count up the atoms on each side 1 1 2 1 [2] The numbers aren’t balanced so then add “BIG” numbers to make up for any shortages 2 2 2 And adjust totals

  19. 2 2 1 Mg + O2 MgO 2 2 Mg O But the numbers still aren’t equal, so add another “BIG” number 2 2 And adjust totals again NOW BOTH SIDES HAVE EQUAL NUMBERS OF ATOMS WE SAY THAT THE EQUATION IS BALANCED!!

  20. Try to balance these equations using the same method: [1] Na + Cl2 NaCl [2] CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O [3] Li + HNO3  LiNO3 + H2 [4] Al + O2 Al2O3

  21. How did you get on?? Here are the answers: [1] 2 Na + Cl22 NaCl [2] CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O [3] 2 Li + 2 HNO3 2 LiNO3 + H2 [4] 4 Al + 3 O22 Al2O3 HOPE YOU’VE GOT THE IDEA… REMEMBER TO CHECK THAT YOU CAN DO ELECTROLYSIS EQUATIONS TOO

  22. For a chemical bond to break ENERGY IS REQUIRED If a chemical symbol in a chemical formula has no subscript, it means that OnlyONE ATOM of the element is in the MOLECULE Periodic mean happening at ____ ____. REGULAR INTERVALS

  23. Periodic Law states that ___ of elements change ___ with the element’s __ __. PROPERTIES PERIODICALLY ATOMIC #s Each VERTICAL column on the periodic table is called a(n) GROUP FAMILY Each HORIZONTAL row on the periodic table PERIOD SERIES

  24. Most of the elements on the PT are METALS The elements to the right of the zigzag line are NONMETALS Mendeleev grouped the elements according to INCREASING ATOMIC MASS Henry Moseley changed the arrangement to atomic number - the way it is today.

  25. Physical and chemical properties of elements change ACROSS EACH PERIOD The substance necessary for substances to burn OXYGEN This is PROOF that a chemical reaction has taken place NEW substance with NEW PROPERTIES formed

  26. Waves TRANSFER ENERGY ONLY This type of wave requires a MEDIUM (some type of matter) SOUND WAVE This type of wave does NOT require a medium and can thus travel in outer space RADIO WAVE

  27. THE RATIO OF MATTER IN A GIVEN VOLUME DENSITY amount of space an object occupies – a measure of size VOLUME amount of matter in an object MASS

  28. How hot or cold something is, usually measured in degrees Celsius or Kelvin TEMPERATURE The change of state from liquid to gas EVAPORATION A liquid’s resistance to flow VISCOSITY

  29. A change in which energy is added to a substance ENDOTHERMIC A change in state directly from a solid to gas SUBLIMATION Element that has properties of metal and nonmetal METALLOID

  30. Element that conducts heat and electricity poorly and can be a solid, liquid, or gas NONMETAL A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means ELEMENT An element that is shiny and conducts heat and electric current METAL

  31. A sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite physical and chemical properties PURE SUBSTANCE An object at test stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by a force that changes it Newton’s 1st Law

  32. Acceleration is caused by a force acting on mass NEWTON’S 2ND LAW For a force on an object, there is an equal and opposite force that exists NEWTON’S 3RD LAW The force that opposes the motion of objects through air AIR RESISTANCE

  33. An unbalanced force that causes objects to move in a circular path CENTRIPETAL FORCE The motion of a body when free fall acts on it FREE FALL The path of one object around another in space ORBIT

  34. The curved path of a thrown object near the earth’s surface PROJECTILE MOTION The constant velocity of a falling object when the force of gravity is balanced by air resistance TERMINAL VELOCITY A negatively charged particle ELECTRON

  35. Positively charged particle PROTON Un charged particle NEUTRON Number of protons in the nucleus ATOMIC NUMBER Mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units- a weighted average ATOMIC MASS

  36. Sum of protons and neutrons MASS NUMBER Describes the mass of an atom ATOMIC MASS UNIT The larger number on any element key of any element on the PT ATOMIC MASS

  37. The smaller whole number on any element key on PT ATOMIC NUMBER The parts of a chemical equation that are on the left side- original substances REACTANTS The part(s) of a chemical equation on the right side- things formed PRODUCTS

  38. Small numbers below that indicate number of atoms of element in formula SUBSCRIPT Large numbers in front of chemical formulas COEFFICIENT Distance traveled plotted graphed over time travelled shows AVERAGE SPEED

  39. Velocity graphed over time traveled (with upward slope) shows POSITIVE ACCELERATION

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