Chapter 1: Aboriginals and Europeans

1. Chapter 1: Aboriginals and Europeans Pages 2-33

2. Key Concepts • The nature of Native American Societies before the arrival of Europeans • The role of political, social, and economic developments in Europe encouraging exploration in North America • The contrasting early experiences of Spain, France, and England in the Americas

3. The formation of the first English colonies in Virginia and Massachusetts • The variety of English colonies established in North America • The impact of European Settlement on Aboriginal Peoples

4. 1451-Iroquois Confederacy Est. 1516-Small pox arrives in the americas 1607-Jamestown founded (English) 1608-Quebec Founded (french) 1609-Santa Fe founded (Spanish) 1620-Pilgrims arrive 1664-English capture New Amsterdam 1675-King Phillips War 1676-Bacon’s Rebellion 1692-Salem Witch Trials Timeline

5. The American Story • The tail of two cultures making contact between 2 established societies: Aboriginal and European. • Both groups would be transformed by colonization. • Aboriginals were devastated by disease and drawn into struggles over the control of North America

6. By the end of the 17th century the English had many colonies along the Atlantic coast.

7. Introduction • This course will challenge you to: • 1. Think critically • 2. Question • 3. Interpret and theorize about the people and events in the U.S.A

8. Critical Thinking Time • John White led many people your age to Virginia in 1582. • How do imagine they felt about going to live in a place that was completely unknown to them, among people with different customs, beliefs, and language-a whole-different world view then their own?

9. Now think about this: • When John White left and came back several years later he found no settlers they had all disappeared. • Their disappearance has become a great mystery in American history. • What can we learn from this? • Such mysteries often lead to larger questions.

10. Questions to consider • Why were relations between European settlers and aboriginal peoples so often marked by hostility and violence? • Was war inevitable, or could the Europeans and Native Americans have coexisted peacefully and for their mutual benefit?

11. America Before European Immigration (4) • Before Europeans came the demographics were made up of a variety of Native American societies. • Despite many differences there were many commonalities with early modern societies in Europe and Asia

12. Aboriginal Societies and Cultures • Before Europeans came North America was home to many significant Native American societies. • These groups include: Anasazi and Mississippians that possessed similar characteristics of contemporary European civilization, including: urban centers, sophisticated agricultural and trade economies, and advanced political organization.

13. Southwest Society • Between 1000 and 1300 CE a group called the Anasazi lived in what became the sw United States. • Today these border Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah meet. • These settlements were connected by roads, and developed sophisticated irrigation systems to grow crops such as maize.

14. They were known above all for their multi-storey cliff dwellings, which the Spaniards called pueblos. • Two centuries after 1300 CE the Anasazi were threatened by drought, and by the invasion by the Athabascans.

15. The Athabascans • These people had moved south from their origins in the sub arctic (present-day Alaska and northern (Canada). • Armed with superior technology such as bows and arrows, the Athabascans repeatedly raided Anasazi settlements. • By 1500, they had forced the Anasazi off their land. • The Navajos and Apaches also live here today

16. Mississippian Society • This group settled in the Mississippi River Valley. • Like the Anaszai, this group also was an agricultural society based on the cultivation of maize. • They created large settlements along rivers, exercised power over the surrounding countryside, and traded with neighboring communities and those further away. • The largest group was the Cahokia, situated on the opposite side of what would be St. Louis.

17. Cahokia • Had a population of 20,000 • Would have rivaled many contemporary medieval European cities in size. • To control their trade networks they had a sophisticated political structures ruled by powerful chiefs • These chiefs built residences on flat topped mounds in the centres of their towns. • These city-states had a hierarchy which included rulers, priests, and artisans.

18. By the 15th century Cahokia had vanished and the Mississippian culture had almost entirely disappeared. • Europeans introduced diseases that wiped out the last remnants of the Mississippian peoples.

19. The South • Many Native groups flourished in the area separated by the Mississippi Delta and the Atlantic coast. • Because of a mild climate and rich soils made extensive farming possible and encouraged substantial settlements, which were home to hundreds of residents. • These nations included: the Creeks, who lived in present-day Georgia, and the Cherokee, who hunted the hills of Tennessee. • Both these groups would be profoundly affected by Europeans.

20. The Natchez • This was the only group to survive until the 18th century when they were destroyed by the French. • Their ruler was known as the “Great Sun”.

21. Eastern Woodlands • This region stretched from the Atlantic coast to the Great Lakes to the Gulf of the St. Lawrence to the Carolinas. • Two main groups coexisted here: • 1. The Algonquin • 2. The Iroquois • European impact would impact these groups drastically.

22. Algonquins • Were a group that included the Mi’kmaq, Cree, and Montagnais. • They did little farming • Relied on hunting and foraging in the forests. • Semi-nomads • Several hundred people lived in an area. • Most settlements were temporary. • Many of these people would become heavily involved in the fur trade.

23. Iroquois • Developed an agricultural economy, cultivating maize and other crops • This lead to villages being developed, often composed of several hundred inhabitants. • Women dominated the farming economy and exercised considerable leadership within the family. • By the 15th cent warfare had reached a dangerous level, leading to the 5 main Iroquois nations forming an alliance.

24. Members of the Iroquois League agreed to resolve disputes peacefully and make decisions collectively. • Men that were chosen to represent their nation were called sachems (say-chums).

26. Age of Empires • In the 15th century European nations began to explore beyond Europe and the Mediterranean • The arrival of the Europeans would transform both continents. • Think about how the Europeans would influence the aboriginal peoples. Both positively and negatively

27. European Expansion • During the later Middle Ages Europe had experienced a period of economic and cultural expansion and development. • Merchants from Italy gained control over the valuable trade in spices from Asia that traveled overland through the Middle East to the Mediterranean.

28. The resulting wealth stimulated the development of the banking system and the growth of commercial and political power.

29. Inventions that revolutionized the Middle Ages • Gunpowder • Compass • Printing with movable type.

30. Gunpowder • Revolutionized warfare and gave European nations a military advantage over their opponents

31. Compass and Type • Combined with ship design, enabled voyages of exploration and encouraged eventual European dominance over a large portion of the globe. • Printing w/ movable type further promoted the intellectual flowering of the Renaissance.

32. A New World • Portugal was the first kingdom to dominate the Atlantic trade. • They brought slaves from West Africa to work in sugar plantations in Madeira and the Azores. • Columbus wanted to explore these new areas but was unable to get funding from several rulers. • Eventually he was able to convince the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella to finance his voyage in August of 1492.

34. Conquistadors • Spanish adventurers and soldiers occupied the islands of the Caribbean seeking gold and other riches. • The aboriginal peoples of the islands were massacred, enslaved, or died of disease. • Many Spaniards disapproved of this murderous treatment.

35. Hernan Cortez • In 1519 Hernan Cortez led a band of 500 soldiers into Mexico, which was ruled by the Aztecs. • Cortez entered Tenochtilan, the Aztec capital, and seized the Aztec ruler Montezuma. • Two reasons the Spanish won: 1.allied with Aztec enemies. 2. smallpox

37. Journal 1 • Answer one of the following questions in a 1 page write up. Research will be required. • 1. How did trade with Asia transform Europe during the later Middle Ages? • 2. What was the impact of the capture of Constantinople by the Turks? • 3.What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

38. Criteria • Must be 1 page double spaced • 12 pt font • Times New Roman • 3-5 sources needed • Works Cited (MLA Citation) • Total 10 marks