GOD & DRUG

2. GOD & DRUG WORD GOD END’S WITH ALPHABET "D“ WORD DRUG END’S WITH ALPHABET "G" Dr VISHAL TANDON

3. Voice of the Patients • “Keep Me Safe” • “Get Me Well” • “Treat Me Nice” Jamie Orlikoff

4. Dying from a disease is sometimes unavoidable; dying from a medicine is unacceptable. Lepakhin V. Geneva 2005

5. Pharmaco - Vigilance • Pharmaco = medicine • Vigilare = to watch • alert watchfulness • in respect of danger; care; caution

6. What is Pharmacovigilance? WHO definition: The science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, reporting and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem.

7. Aims & Scope

8. Pharmacovigilance in India: Brief History • 1982 & 1989 - ADR monitoring system for India proposed (12 regional centres) • 1997 - India joined WHO-ADR monitoring programme (3 centres: AIIMS, KEM, JLN) • 2004 – 2008 - National Pharmacovigilance Programme • 2010 – Pharmacovigilance Programme of India

9. Why do we need pharmacovigilance?

10. Why do we need Pharmacovigilance? Thalidomide Catastrophe 1960

11. Destruction is easier but its consequences should be thought of “A destruction , an annihilation that only man can provoke , only man can prevent” Serious ADR to Estrogen Contraceptive 1960

12. Recent Drugs Banned • Sibutramine – Adverse Cardiac Event • Rimonabant- Suicidal Ideation • Placental Extract • Nimsulide below 12 year age- Hepatitis • Rofecoxib- CVS • Valdecoxib- CVS • Rosiglitazone – Heart Attack • Gatifloxacin – Severe hypo/Hyperglycemia • Astemizole - Adverse Cardiac Event • Terfinadine- Adverse Cardiac Event • Cisapride- Adverse Cardiac Event • Phenylpropanolamine - Hemorrhagic stroke

13. Drug bans revoked… • Phenylpropanolamine • Human Placental extract DATA ON INDIAN POPULATION ?

14. Why do we need pharmacovigilance? Reason 1: • Humanitarian concern – • Insufficient evidence of safety from clinical trials • Animal experiments

15. UK: • US: It has been suggested that ADRs may cause 5700 deaths per year in UK. Pirmohamed et al, 2004 ADRs were 4th-6th commonest cause of death in the US in 1994 Lazarou et al, 1998

16. (59%) were avoidable

17. Why do we need pharmacovigilance? Reason 3: ADRs are expensive !! • 6.5% of admissions are due to ADRs • Seven 800-bed hospitals are occupied by ADR patients Cost £446 million per annum

18. Why do we need pharmacovigilance? Reason 4: Promoting rational use of medicines and adherence

19. Why do we need pharmacovigilance? Reason 5: Ensuring public confidence If something can go wrong, it will – Murphy's law

20. Why do we need pharmacovigilance? Reason 6: Ethics To know of something that is harmful to another person who does not know, and not telling, is unethical • Not reporting a serious unknown reaction is unethical valid for everyone • patient • health professional • manufacturer • authorities

21. January 13, 2003 IMA ends debate: Nimesulide is safe Arun Kumar and Sutirtho Patranobis New Delhi More than 50 doctors country-wide participated in an opinion poll organised by the IMA and submitted data on the use of nimesulide on nearly 5.3 lac patients. The data clearly showed that the side-effects of the drug were nothing more than common GI problems …

22. January 14, 2003 Nimesulide not safe, insist doctors By Kalpana Jain Times News Network New Delhi: Doctors have questioned an “opinion poll” conducted by the Indian Medical Association (IMA) to declare the controversial fever drug, Nimesuilde, “safe”. … a leading paediatrician who is the former head of the pediatrics department at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, told The Times of India … that severe side effects of the drug have been documented and it needs to be used with caution.

23. What to report ?

24. Who should report ?

25. Where to report ?

26. What happens to Data VIGIFLOW VIGIBASE

27. Flow of reports in VigiFlow

28. Verify content Move to next section

29. VigiFlow Countries2010-11-18

30. GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE - PVPI

31. Roadmap of Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PVPI) (Year 2010 - 2015)

32. Current no. of centres in PvPI: 22 + 38 = 60

33. The Challenges of Pharmacovigilance I. Ralph Edwards ‘’Courage is the human virtue that counts most—courage to act on limited knowledge and insufficient evidence. That's all any of us have.”~ Robert Frost20th century American poet and three time Pulitzer prize winner (1924, 1931, 1937)

34. UNDER REPORTING

35. Need for Translation Practice Research

36. Reaching rural India for PV

38. Seamless synergistic Pharmacovigilance partnership Policy makers (regulators) Patient Pharmacovigilance Physician and medical associations Pharmaceutical Industry and associations Public Press (media)

39. QUALITY REPORTS • To translate ADR information into • Safe Clinical Practice

40. ADR Reporting -Training Session-10

41. ADR Reporting -Training Session-3 District Hospitals

43. Definition • WHO • response to a drug that is noxious and unintended and that occurs at doses used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiologic function • excludes therapeutic failures, overdose, drug abuse, noncompliance, and medication errors

44. Classification • Onset of event: • Acute • within 60 minutes • Sub-acute • 1 to 24 hours • Latent • > 2 days

45. Classification - Severity • Severity of reaction: • Mild • bothersome but requires no change in therapy • Moderate • requires change in therapy, additional treatment, hospitalization • Severe • disabling or life-threatening

46. FDA Serious ADR • Result in death • Life-threatening • Require hospitalization • Prolong hospitalization • Cause disability • Cause congenital anomalies • Require intervention to prevent permanent injury

47. Classification • Type A (Augmented) • Extension of pharmacologic effect • Predictable • Mechanism based Adverse reaction • Dose dependent • Responsible for at least two-thirds of ADRs • Side effect, Toxic Effect • More Common • Mostly preventable and reversible

48. Classification • Type B (Bizarre) • idiosyncratic or immunologic reactions • rare and unpredictable • Less Common • More serious • Non dose related • Can only be predicted and prevented if Genetic basis is known (Pharmaco-genetics) • Allergy, idiosyncasy, intolrance

49. Naranjo ADR Probability Scale Naranjo CA. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;30:239-45

50. WHO-UMC Causality Categories Certain • Event or laboratory test abnormality, with plausible time relationship todrug intake • Cannot be explained by disease or other drugs • Response to withdrawal plausible (pharmacologically, pathologically) • Event definitive pharmacologically or phenomenologically (i.e. an objective and specific medical disorder or a recognised pharmacologicalphenomenon) • Rechallenge satisfactory, if necessary Probable /Likely • Event or laboratory test abnormality, with reasonable time relationship todrug intake • Unlikely to be attributed to disease or other drugs • Response to withdrawal clinically reasonable • Rechallenge not required Possible • Event or laboratory test abnormality, with reasonable time relationship todrug intake • Could also be explained by disease or other drugs • Information on drug withdrawal may be lacking or unclear Unlikely • Event or laboratory test abnormality, with a time to drug intake that makes a relationship improbable (but not impossible) • Disease or other drugs provide plausible explanations Conditional /Unclassified • Event or laboratory test abnormality • More data for proper assessment needed, or • Additional data under examination Unassessable/Unclassifiable • Report suggesting an adverse reaction • Cannot be judged because information is insufficient or contradictory • Data cannot be supplemented or verified * All points should be reasonably complied with