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Drug use, Drug abuse and DRUG TAKING BEHAVIOR

Drug use, Drug abuse and DRUG TAKING BEHAVIOR. Problem: How to define.

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Drug use, Drug abuse and DRUG TAKING BEHAVIOR

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  1. Drug use, Drug abuse and DRUG TAKING BEHAVIOR

  2. Problem: How to define • Drug addiction? Is once enough? A repetitive behavior pattern associated with increase risk of disease or social problems (Marlatt, 1988)..often characterized by immediate gratification and high relapse rates…but is this the same as “abuse?” • Drug abuse-how to define?

  3. Drug Abuse • The self-administration of any drug in a manner that deviates from the approved medical or social patterns within a given culture (Jaffe). • Drug Dependence- a condition in which an individual requires a drug to function normally. A distinction is often made between Physical dependence and Psychological dependence.

  4. Physical Dependence • An adaptive state produced by repeated use of a drug which manifests itself by intense physiological disturbances (withdrawal syndrome) when use of the drug is halted (abstinence). • Withdrawal syndrome- a constellation of symptoms that occur when an individual stops using the drug to which dependence has developed. Symptoms typically in reverse direction of the effects caused by the drug.

  5. Psychological dependence • A condition characterized by intense drive or cravings for a drug.

  6. IS DRUG ABUSE A PROBLEM?eg…Marijuana?Other drugs?

  7. How do you reliably assess the extent of the problem?

  8. Illicit drug use reported by state Problem: How to measure(Reactivity and return rate issues)

  9. Accuracy of surveys?

  10. Overdoses? DAWN

  11. Heroin overdose

  12. Alcohol is also a drug

  13. And Tobacco!

  14. And…..

  15. For the Sake of Argument • Lets say there is significant drug use and/abuse in our society.

  16. Not just our problem

  17. AGAIN, how big is the problem?COSTS of DRUGS in SOCIETY?

  18. Incarceration costs- not including lost productivity for families

  19. money is being lost

  20. The costs of Psychological “WORRY?”

  21. Other Psychological Impacts?

  22. Costs: Drugs and Violence Though evidence in regard to violence associated with the pharmacological effects for most illicit substances is weak at best.

  23. So Lets War on Drugs!

  24. But this entails more cost

  25. it does cost lots of money to “WAR”

  26. The “WAR on Drugs” has led to an increase in prosecuting drug offenders

  27. People are being incarcerated

  28. And sent up for treatment

  29. But prosecution has not apparently affected drug availability

  30. e.g. Cocaine production is not down

  31. And cocaine prices are relatively stable

  32. Some think the war on drugs has adown side.

  33. And aimed in the wrong directions

  34. Costs of the “War on Drugs”

  35. A coincidence?

  36. Our cultural concern with illicit drug use also has psychological impact…

  37. On the Plus side, it does create its own economy

  38. Should we use drug testing at work?

  39. Maybe drug testing is effective!

  40. What if tests are too sensitive??

  41. Watch out have you been passively exposed to illicit drugs?

  42. DRUG TESTS BRING WORRIES OF ACCURACYApril 16, 1998 "I go to extraordinary lengths before I call a positive."—Dr. DavidBerg, Medical review officer said.The water-cooler talk is true: Poppy seeds can produce a positive test for heroin, and cold medicine can suggest methamphetamine.

  43. The wild eyed claim that a third of all people accused of drug use will be innocent is not so ridiculous after all. Figure 4 shows that the proportion of spurious results among people identified as drug users is surprisingly sensitive to test accuracy. An accuracy of 99% is marginal at best. However the biggest surprise is the fact that the proportion of spurious results among people failing drug tests approaches 100% as the proportion of drug users in the general population approaches zero. Drug testing in a drug free population amounts to a witch hunt.

  44. SO ? • Whatever your perspective on drug use and abuse, its difficult to argue that drug use is in no way problematic. • Especially when considering the harmful effects of drug addiction/Abuse to the individual and to society.

  45. What are the causes of drug Addiction? A difficult question. • MORAL MODEL-character • MEDICAL MODEL-disease • LEARNING MODEL-reinforcement • ENLIGHTENMENT MODE-multifactorial

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