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Dialog Design

Dialog Design. Command languages, direct manipulation, and WIMP. Agenda. Project update HTA review Interaction styles Project time. What’s wrong with this?. 0. In order to borrow a book from the library 1. go to the library 2. log in to library catalogue

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Dialog Design

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  1. Dialog Design Command languages, direct manipulation, and WIMP

  2. Agenda • Project update • HTA review • Interaction styles • Project time

  3. What’s wrong with this? 0. In order to borrow a book from the library 1. go to the library 2. log in to library catalogue 2.1 access the search screen 2.2 enter search criteria 2.3 identify required book 2.4 note location 3. go to correct shelf and retrieve book 4. take book to checkout counter

  4. This is a FLOW CHART Log in to catalogue Enter search words No Found? Yes Write down location Go to location Etc. etc.

  5. Now what’s wrong? 0. In order to borrow a book from the library 1. go to the library 2. if you don’t know where the book is, find the required book 2.1 access library catalogue 2.2 access the search screen 2.3 enter search criteria 2.4 identify required book 2.5 note location 3. go to correct shelf and retrieve book 4. check out book

  6. What’s still missing? 0. In order to borrow a book from the library 1. go to the library 2. find the required book 2.1 access library catalogue 2.2 access the search screen 2.3 enter search criteria 2.4 identify required book 2.5 note location 3. go to correct shelf and retrieve book 4. check out book

  7. PLANS!! 0. In order to borrow a book from the library 1. go to the library 2. find the required book 2.1 access library catalogue 2.2 access the search screen 2.3 enter search criteria 2.4 identify required book 2.5 note location 3. go to correct shelf and retrieve book 4. check out book Plan 0: do 1, 2, 3; repeat 2, 3, if book not found; then do 4 Plan 2: do 2.1, 2.2; repeat 2.3 until found; 2.4, 2.5

  8. Dialog Design • How does a user interact with the interface?

  9. Interface types 1980s interfaces Command WIMP/GUI 1990s interfaces Advanced graphical (multimedia, virtual reality, information visualization) Web Speech (voice) Pen, gesture, and touch Appliance 2000s interfaces Mobile Multimodal Shareable Tangible Augmented and mixed reality Wearable Robotic

  10. Interaction Styles • 1. Command languages • 2. WIMP - Window, Icon, Menu, Pointer • 3. Direct manipulation • 4. Speech/Natural language • 5. Gesture & pen

  11. General Issues in Interaction Style • Who is in control - user or computer • Initial training required • Learning time to become proficient • Speed of use • Generality/flexibility/power • Special skills - typing • Gulf of evaluation / gulf of execution • Screen space required • Computational resources required

  12. Command Languages • Earliest UI interaction paradigm • Examples: MS-DOS shell, UNIX, Linux • Little or nothing is visible so… • Work primarily by recall, not recognition • Heavy memory load • Poor choice for novices but...

  13. CL Advantages • Advantages for experts • Speed, conciseness % ls (hard to beat) • Can express actions beyond a limited set • Flags, piping one command to another • Repetition, extensibility • Scripting, macros • Easier implementation, less overhead • Power • Abstraction, wild cards

  14. CL Dangers • With added power, comes added responsibility and danger • UNIX % rm -r * • Deletes every file that you have, and you can’t get them back

  15. CL Design Goals • Consistency • Have options and arguments expressed the same way everywhere • Good naming and abbreviations • UNIX fails here because commands were developed by lots of different people at different organizations • No guidelines provided

  16. Names and Abbreviations • Specificity versus Generality • General words • More familiar, easier to accept • Specific (typically better) • More descriptive, meaningful, distinctive • (Nonsense does surprisingly well in small set) • Abbrevs. allow for faster actions • Expert performance begins to be dominated by motor times such as # of keystrokes • Not good idea for novices • (Allow but don’t require)

  17. General Issues - CL • Who is in control - user or computer • Initial training required • Learning time to become proficient • Speed of use • Generality/flexibility/power • Special skills - typing • Gulf of evaluation / gulf of execution • Screen space required • Computational resources required

  18. Interaction Styles • 1. Command language • 2. Direct manipulation • 3. WIMP • 4. Speech/Natural language • 5. Gesture, pen, VR

  19. Direct Manipulation Essence • Representation of reality that can be manipulated • The user is able to apply intellect directly to the task • The tool itself seems to disappear

  20. Direct Manipulation Definition: • 1) Continuous visibility of the objects and actions of interest • 2) Rapid, reversible, incremental actions whose effect is immediately noticeable • 3) Replacement of command language syntax by direct manipulation of object of interest (physical actions, buttons, etc.) Shneiderman ‘82

  21. Direct Manipulation • Examples • WYSIWYG editors and word processors • VISICALC - 1st electronic spreadsheet • CAD • Desktop metaphor • Video games

  22. Example: Homefinder

  23. DM Advantages • Easier to learn & remember, particularly for novices • Flexible, easily reversible actions helps reduce anxiety in users • Provides context & instant visual feedback so user can tell if objectives are being achieved • Exploits human use of visual spatial cues • Limits types of errors that can be made

  24. DM Problems • Screen space intensive (info not all that dense) • Need to learn meaning of components of visual representation • Visual representation may be misleading • Mouse ops may be slower than typing • Not self-explanatory (no prompts) • Not everything can be represented visually

  25. DM Problems • Not good at • Repetition • History keeping (harder) • Certain tasks (Change all italics to bold) • Abstract elements (variables) • Macros harder

  26. Execution Goals System Evaluation More Psychological View • What is directness? (not always done well) • Related to two things: • Distance • Engagement • Unobtrusive and responsive Hutchins, Hollan, Norman ‘86

  27. General Issues - DM • Who is in control - user or computer • Initial training required • Learning time to become proficient • Speed of use • Generality/flexibility/power • Special skills - typing • Gulf of evaluation / gulf of execution • Screen space required • Computational resources required

  28. Dialog Design • 1. Command language • 2. Direct manipulation • 3. WIMP • 4. Speech/Natural language • 5. Gesture, pen, VR

  29. WIMP • Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers • Focus: Menus, Buttons, Forms • Predominant interface paradigm now (with some direct manipulation added) • Advantages: • ?

  30. Menus • Advantages: • 1 keystroke or mouse operation vs. many • No memorization of commands • Limited input set • Disadvantages: • Less direct user control - have to find correct menu / menu item • Not so readily extensible • Slower than keyboarding for experienced users, at least without accelerators

  31. Menu Items • Various types: • Flat • Cascading • Pop-up (contextual) • Organization strategies • Create groups of logically similar items • Cover all possibilities • Ensure that items are non-overlapping • Keep wording concise, understandable

  32. A Good Example • Logical grouping • Visual separation of groups • Disabled items “grayed out” • Shortcuts shown • … indicates leads to dialogue

  33. Presentation Sequence • Forms, dialogue boxes, menus • Use natural if available • Time • e.g. Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner • Numeric ordering • e.g. Point sizes for font • Other possibilities: • Alphabetical • Group related items • Frequently used first • Most important first

  34. Pointers • Allows users to specify location parameter of a command • Provides for some of that direct manipulation • Put this file HERE • Also displays system state info: • Tracking • Busy • Hints • Modes (text cursor vs. selection pointer)

  35. Other WIMP issues • Windows management • How to locate, move, find • Transfer information between • Switch attention between • Icons • Need graphic design attention • Toolbars

  36. Newer icons

  37. Simple icons

  38. Simple icons

  39. General Issues - WIMP • Who is in control - user or computer • Initial training required • Learning time to become proficient • Speed of use • Generality/flexibility/power • Special skills - typing • Gulf of evaluation / gulf of execution • Screen space required • Computational resources required

  40. Next time: Natural input • Universal design • Take advantage of familiarity, existing knowledge • Alternative input & output • Multi-modal interfaces • Getting “off the desktop”

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