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What rock formation in the Canadian Rockies provided lots of fossil evidence of early animal life?

What rock formation in the Canadian Rockies provided lots of fossil evidence of early animal life? Jurassal b. Burgess c. K-T boundary Most animal diversity developed during which time period? Silurian b. Devonian c. Cambrian Elephants are descended from the same body plan as pikaia.

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What rock formation in the Canadian Rockies provided lots of fossil evidence of early animal life?

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  1. What rock formation in the Canadian Rockies provided lots of fossil evidence of early animal life? • Jurassal b. Burgess c. K-T boundary • Most animal diversity developed during which time period? • Silurian b. Devonian c. Cambrian • Elephants are descended from the same body plan as pikaia. • True b. False • Some annelids breathe using gills. • True b. False • Which is NOT a habitat of annelids? • Mud b. Desert c. Oceans d. Intertidal areas • Burrowing animals like the annelids are important to the environment because • They helped release carbon dioxide which changed temperature of planet. • They added oxygen to the atmosphere. • They provided pathways to China.

  2. Journal #1 • Based on what you saw in the video, how are earthworms and other annelids different from flatworms and/or roundworms?

  3. Journal 11/27 • Put a few fresh sheets of paper in your folder. • What do you know already about dissecting an animal? What equipment do you know? Procedures? Safety rules?

  4. PHYLUM ANNELIDA

  5. I. General Information • “annelid” means tiny rings (annuli separated by septa) • Can grow from a few inches to 22 feet! • Coelomates- true body cavity w/space for true internal organs. • Body is cylindrical & metameric- segmented • Bilateral symmetry • Closed circulatory system • Classified based on amount of hair-like setae.

  6. Classes of Annelids • A. CLASS OLIGOCHAETA • Oligo = fewchaeta = hairs • Earthworms w/ few setae • Terrestrial (on land) • Aquatic (in water)

  7. 5. Body Structure • Prostomium- 1st body segment, overlaps mouth • Pygidium- last body segment, overlaps anus • Cuticle- tough outer covering for protection • Muscles- 2 sets create wave-like motion; longitudinal & circular • Clitellum- band-like structure at anterior end • Setae- short bristles on ventral surface that help them cling to burrows, movement/anchoring

  8. 7. setae 8. Genital setae 5. 6. 1. Opening of Seminal vesicles 10. 3. 9. 2. 4. Openings to seminal receptacles

  9. 6. Digestion/Feeding • Nocturnal- feed at night on leaf litter & soil (scavengers/decomposers) • Mouth- opening to digestive tract • Pharynx- acts like pump, pulling food into mouth. • Esophagus- tube that leads to crop • Crop- storage chamber for food. • Gizzard- grinds food before it enters intestine. • Intestine- absorbs nutrients from food- has folds called typhlosole that increase surface area to absorb more food. • Anus- solid wastes excreted here • Castings- squiggles of mud on soil surface “worm feces”

  10. Intestine Gizzard Crop Esophagus Pharynx Ventral Nerve Cord

  11. 7. Excretory System • Nephridia- kidney-like organ that consists of tubes for removing liquid waste. Two per segment • Nephridiopores- pores in skin that excrete liquid waste.

  12. 8. Nervous System • Cerebral ganglion- bi-lobed simple brain over pharynx • Ventral Nerve Cord- runs length of body on ventral surface • Ganglia- mass of nerves along ventral nerve cord. • Sensitive to touch, light, temp., moisture

  13. 9. Respiratory system • Terrestrial- Gas exchange occurs thru diffusion thru moist skin • Aquatic- frilly gills

  14. 10. Circulatory system • Closed Circulatory System- blood is enclosed in blood vessels • 5 Pairs of Aortic Arches- enlarged blood vessels that pump blood thru body • Dorsal blood vessel- carries blood to anterior end • Ventral blood vessel- carries blood to posterior end

  15. 11. Reproductive system • Monoecious- hermaphrodites • Do not self-fertilize • Worms line up w/anterior ends away from each other. • Sperm released from seminal vesicles of one worm & is passed along a body groove to the seminal receptacles (receivers) of the other worm.

  16. 11. Reproductive system e. Eggs are kept in oviducts until “ripe” f. After 2-3 hours of copulation, clitellum forms sticky cocoon. • Cocoon passes down body, picking up egg & sperm • Fertilization occurs in the cocoon. • Cocoon is deposited in moist soil where it hatches after about 3 weeks.

  17. j. Being a hermaphrodite is beneficial to simple animals because • Do not have to search out a specific mate… can mate with any worm that comes along. • Twice as many offspring can be produced because both can carry eggs.

  18. Seminal Receptacles- receive sperm from mate Seminal Vesicles- store worms own sperm Cerebral ganglion 5 Aortic Arches Nephridia- 2 per segment for excretion Dorsal Blood Vessel

  19. II. Classes of Annelids B. CLASS POLYCHAETA • Poly = many chaeta= hairs • Marine worms with many setae • Largest class of annelids • Live in coral reefs, ocean floor, crevices, etc 5. Have parapodia which look like paddles along body used for movement 6. Have sensory tentacles called cirri around mouth. 7. Dioecious 8. EX: clamworms, sandworms

  20. II. Classes of Annelids C. CLASS HIRUDINEA • Leeches with no setae • Most freshwater, some marine & terrestrial • Ectoparasites that feed on body fluid of host • Flattened, segmented • 34 segments • Monoecious-clitellum only present in spring

  21. 7. Digestion/Feeding • Anterior & posterior sucker for attachment to host • 3 Jaws slice skin & begin sucking blood. • Secrete anesthetic- so you don’t feel bite. • Secrete anticoagulant-Hirudin- keeps blood from clotting while feeding. • Engorge until 10x normal size then drop off (thanks to extra large crop) • Only need to eat every few months. • Does a leech need a gizzard?

  22. III. Economic/Environmental Importance • Recycle nutrients to soil. • Burrows aerate & provide space for growing plant roots. • Leeches used for removing excess blood after surgery for reattachment of amputated limbs. Body heals faster. • Part of food chain

  23. JOURNAL #4 • Explain two ways being a hermaphrodite is beneficial to the earthworm.

  24. Journal #5 • How are earthworms important to humans and the environment?

  25. Journal #8 • Compare and contrast the digestive systems of the leech and earthworm.

  26. DAILY QUIZ • The structure used for grinding food in the earthworm is the a. Crop b. Nephridia c. gizzard • Annelida means a. Soft skin b. Tiny rings c. Flat body • This phylum of worms is put into different classes based on • Method of reproduction b. Type/presence of setae c. Shape of body • The bristle-like structures that help earthworms move are called a. Setae b. Clitellums c. crops • Earthworms are • Monoecious b. Dioecious

  27. DAILY QUIZ • Before dissecting, it is necessary for you to • Put on a safety apron • Soak your specimen in preservative • Wash your specimen to remove preservative • The body covering of the earthworm is best described as a. Moist cuticle b. Hard exoskeleton c. Dry & bumpy • Leeches a. Secrete Hirudin b. Secrete anesthetic c. Both A and B • The paddle-like setae that are found on the sides of polychaetes like the clamworm is referred to as a. Polychaeta b. Parapodia c. oars • The band-like structure used for reproduction in the earthworm is the a. Cuticle b. Clitellum c. nephridia

  28. DAILY QUIZ #4 2 4 1 • Gizzard d. Aortic arches • Crop e. Seminal vesicles • Nephridia f. Seminal receptacles 3 5

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