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Food Resources

Food Resources. G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 13. Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College. Key Concepts. Methods of producing food. Increasing food production. Environmental effects of food production.

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Food Resources

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  1. Food Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 13 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

  2. Key Concepts • Methods of producing food • Increasing food production • Environmental effects of food production • Increasing sustainability

  3. How Is Food Produced? • Sources of food • Primary plants:wheat, corn, and rice • Primary animals:beef, pork, and chicken

  4. Major Types of Agriculture • Traditional subsistence • Traditional intensive • Plantation • Industrialized (high-input) See Fig. 13-3 p. 280

  5. World Food Production Plantation agriculture Industrialized agriculture Nomadic herding Shifting cultivation Intensive traditional agriculture No agriculture Fig. 13-2 p. 279

  6. Producing Food by Green-Revolution Techniques • High-input monoculture • Selectively bred or genetically-engineered crops • High inputs of fertilizer • Extensive use of pesticides • High inputs of water • Increased intensity and frequency of cropping

  7. Green Revolutions Second green revolution (developing countries) First green revolution (developed countries) Major International agricultural research centers and seed banks Fig. 13-6 p. 282

  8. Producing Food by Traditional Techniques • Intercropping • Polyvarietal cultivation • Agroforestry (alley cropping) • Polyculture –like a home garden

  9. Food Production • Rapidly increasing • Prices decreasing • Shortages in developing countries • Approaching limits on meat production

  10. Nutrition • Undernutrition • Malnutrition • Overnutrition Refer to Fig. 13-11 p. 286 Refer to Solutions p. 289

  11. Environmental Effects of Food Production • Biodiversity loss • Soil See Fig. 13-13 p. 288 • Air pollution • Water • Human health

  12. Increasing World Crop Production • Crossbreeding and artificial selection • Genetic engineering (gene splicing) • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) • Continued Green Revolution techniques • Introducing new foods • Working more land See Fig. 13-16 p. 291

  13. Producing More Meat Kilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weight Beef cattle 7 Pigs 4 Chicken 2.2 Fish (catfish or carp) 2 • Rangeland • Pasture • Efficiency Fig. 13-25 p. 298 • Adaptations of rangeland plants • Range condition and management • Environmental consequences (Connections p. 299)

  14. CAFO’s (confined animal feeding operations)

  15. Farm Water Use • Drip • Center Pivot • Sprinkler

  16. Catching and Raising More Fish • Fisheries • Fishing methods (See Fig. 13-30 p. 303) • Sustainable yield • Overfishing • Commercial extinction • Aquiculture • Fish farming and ranching

  17. Aquaculture • Farms (marine cages) –raise and cultivate fish and harvest when reach desired age or size. • Ranch –raise juveniles, then release to grow to adulthood in wild waters, then recapture when return to spawn (ex: salmon) *farm raised vs wild caught. (uncommon)

  18. Government Agricultural Policy • Artificially low prices • Subsidies • Elimination of price controls • Food aid

  19. Solutions: Sustainable Agriculture • Low-input agriculture • Organic farming See Fig. 13-36 p. 308 • More benefits to the poor • Increasing funding for research in sustainable techniques

  20. Solutions: Soil Conservation • Conventional-tillage • All topsoil is turned under and exposed • to erosion and the elements. • Conservation tillage • Minimum or no-till –either loosely break • the surface or use special planting equipment • to put seeds into earth without exposing • topsoil. Refer to Fig. 10-26 p. 224

  21. Solutions Cont.d • Cropping methods • Strip • Contour • Terrace

  22. Windbreaks • Land Classification

  23. Soil Restoration • Organic fertilizer • Animal manure • Green manure • Compost • Crop rotation • Commercial inorganic fertilizer

  24. Soil Conservation 1985 Farm Act – strategy to reduce soil erosion in the US Reduce erosion & restore fertile land Conservation tilling – disturb soil as little as possible Terracing – reduce erosion on slopes Contour farming – plant along contours of gentle slopes Strip cropping – planting alternate strips of crops Alley cropping – planting between shrubs and trees Wind breaks – planting a row of trees or shrubs on perimeters Gully reclamation – fast growing vines and shrubs

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