Improvement in Food Resources

1. Improvement in Food Resources Mr. Jeff Peterson Fulbright Teacher from Indiana, USA

2. Improvement in Food Resources • Irrigation • Agriculture depends on water and rain. • Cultivation includes ability to get water where it is needed and at the right time. • Many systems have been developed to help with this process.

3. Improvement in Food Resources • Types of irrigation systems: • Wells • Dug Wells • Tube Wells

4. Improvement in Food Resources • Types of irrigation systems: • Wells • Dug Wells • Tube Wells • Canals or surface irrigation

5. Improvement in Food Resources • Types of irrigation systems: • Wells • Dug Wells • Tube Wells • Canals • River lift system

6. Improvement in Food Resources • Types of irrigation systems: • Wells • Dug Wells • Tube Wells • Canals • River lift system • Tanks

7. Improvement in Food Resources • Cropping Patterns • Mixed Cropping • Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land at the same time • Reduce the risk of crop failure.

8. Improvement in Food Resources • Cropping Patterns • Inter Cropping • Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land in specific areas. • Reduce the risk of crop failure.

9. Improvement in Food Resources • Cropping Patterns • Crop Rotation • Growing of one crop, waiting a period of time. Then planting another crop. • Reduce the risk of crop failure.

10. Improvement in Food Resources • Crop Protection Management • Herbicides (kill weeds) • Weeds are any none crop plants growing in the field. • Compete for food, space, and light. • Reduce yield and production.

11. Improvement in Food Resources • Crop Protection Management • Pesticides (kill insects) • Cut roots, stems, and leaf • Suck cell sap from various parts • Bore into stem and fruits

12. Improvement in Food Resources • Crop Protection Management • Disease • Bacteria • Fungi • Viruses • Transmitted by soil, water, and air.

13. Improvement in Food Resources • Overuse of herbicides and pesticides • Can cause environmental pollution • Development of “super bugs” • Limited biodiversity

14. Improvement in Food Resources • Methods to control weeds. • Direct and limited use of herbicide • Mechanical removal • Timely sowing of crops • Intercropping and crop rotation

15. Improvement in Food Resources • Storage of Grains and Crops • Biotic challenges • Insects/mites • Rodents • Fungi/bacteria • Abiotic challenges • Moisture • Temperature

16. Improvement in Food Resources • All these factors cause: • Loss in quality • Loss in weight • Poor germinability • Discoloration • All can be controlled and prevented with good management.

17. Improvement in Food Resources • Preventive and control measures include: • Strict cleaning of produce • Proper drying (first in sun, then in shade) • Fumigation to kill pests

18. Improvement in Food Resources • Animal Husbandry • The scientific management of animal livestock. • Feeding • Breeding • Disease control

19. Improvement in Food Resources • Animal based farming: • Cattle • Goat • Sheep • Poultry • Fish

20. Improvement in Food Resources • Cattle Farming • Milk (milch animals – dairy animals) • Draught labor • Cows (Bosindicus) • Buffaloes (Bosbubalis)

21. Improvement in Food Resources • Cattle Farming • Milk production depends on lactation period • Breeds with longer lactation periods are selected • Examples - Jersey and Brown Swiss • Local breeds better at disease resistance • Examples –Red Sindhi, Sahiwal

22. Improvement in Food Resources • Proper shelter and cleaning is important • Humane animal care • Animal health • Better production and clean yield • Regular brushing to remove dirt/loose hair • Ventilated shelter from rain, heat, and cold • Sloped floor to help drying and cleaning

23. Improvement in Food Resources • Food requirements for dairy animals: • Normal maintenance to live • Extra for milk production requirements • Animal feed includes: • Roughage or grass/browse • Concentrates or grain

24. Improvement in Food Resources • Balanced rations of both. • Roughage high in fibre and micronutrients. • Concentrates are high protein and additives

25. Improvement in Food Resources • Cattle diseases: • Death and reduction in milk production (yield) • Good management is best prevention • Parasites • External – live on skin • Internal – • Worms can live in stomach and intestine • Flukes can live in liver • Infectious diseases caused by bacteria/viruses • Vaccinations are given as prevention

26. Improvement in Food Resources • Poultry Farming • Egg production • Meat • Cross-breeding program • Aseel + Leghorn

27. Improvement in Food Resources • Cross-breeding program = new varieties • Desirable traits: • Number and quality of chicks • Dwarf broiler parents for commercial chicks • Summer varieties for high temp tolerance • Low maintenance requirements • Small egg laying varieties • Ability to utilize cheaper diets (unfit for humans)

28. Improvement in Food Resources • Broiler production requirements (meat) • Fed vitamin-rich feed for fast, healthy growth • Care taken to maintain feathers and carcass • Good management is important • Good temp and ventilation • Good clean conditions • Control of disease and pests • Avoid overcrowding

29. Improvement in Food Resources • Egg production requirements • Different then those of broilers • Daily ration (food) • Broilers = protein rich with more fat • Egg production = vitamin A and K

30. Improvement in Food Resources • Poultry fowl can suffer from disease: • Virus • Bacteria • Fungi • Parasites • Nutritional deficiencies • Avoided with proper management = cleaning, sanitation, and use of disinfectants regularly.

31. Improvement in Food Resources • Fish Production • Cheap source of animal protein. • Examples are true fish, prawns and molluscs. • Two ways to obtain fish • Catching fish • Farming fish – cultured fishery • Fresh water fish (lakes, ponds and streams) • Salt water fish (marine)

32. Improvement in Food Resources • Marine Fisheries • India includes 7500km coastline • Popular marine fish • Pomphret • Mackerel • Tuna • Sardines • Bombay duck

33. Improvement in Food Resources • Caught with nets from fishing boats • Yields increased by locating large schools • Satellites • Echo-sounders • High value fish are also farmed in seawater • Finned fish (mullets and Bhetki) • Pearl spots (mussles and oysters) • Shellfish (prawns) • Seaweed • As marine stocks are reduced, mariculture will become more important.

34. Improvement in Food Resources • Inland Fisheries • Freshwater resources: • Canals • Ponds • Reservoirs • Rivers • Brackish water is mix of fresh and salt water • Estuaries • Lagoons

35. Improvement in Food Resources • Fishing yield is low. • Most fish production from aquaculture. • Can be done in combination with rice crop.

36. Improvement in Food Resources • Cultured systems have better yield • Species are selected so they do not compete for food (different food habit types) • Surface feeders = Catlas • Middle zone = Rohus • Bottom feeders = Common Carp • Weeds = Grass Carp

37. Improvement in Food Resources • Problem is only breed during monsoon. • Lack availability of good-quality seed • Added to wild collected stock • Breed in ponds using hormone stimulation

38. Improvement in Food Resources • Bee-Keeping • Low investment • Additional income • Honey and bee wax (medical) can be harvested • Examples • Apisceranaindica(Indian bee) • A. dorsata(rock bee) • A. florae (little bee)

39. Improvement in Food Resources • Italian bee (A. mellifera) • High honey production • Sting less • Stay in hive for long periods • Honey value depends on pasture for nectar and pollen. • Quality flowers will effect honey taste.