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The Reproductive System

The Reproductive System. “The male”. The Function. Androgen hormones, mainly testosterone bring about sexual maturity Testosterone induces maturation of sperm and secondary sex characteristics Facial hair Wide jaws Deep voice. Male Organs. Essential Organs

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The Reproductive System

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  1. The Reproductive System “The male”

  2. The Function • Androgen hormones, mainly testosterone bring about sexual maturity • Testosterone induces maturation of sperm and secondary sex characteristics • Facial hair • Wide jaws • Deep voice

  3. Male Organs Essential Organs • Gonads in males are the testes • Testes produces sex cells - sperm Accessory Organs • Genital Ducts • Epididymides(a pair) • Vas deferens (a pair) • Ejaculatory ducts(a pair) • Urethra

  4. Male Organs Glands • Seminal vesicles(a pair) • Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands(a pair) • Prostate

  5. The Testes • Are cased in the scrotal sac • Each testis is surrounded by a fibrous capsule called the tunica albuginea • The testes are divided into lobules that are packed full of seminiferous tubules

  6. Spermatogenesis“Sperm formation” • Spermatogenesis occurs within the seminiferous tubules

  7. Spermatozoa“Immature sperm” • Sperm are fully formed in the seminiferous tubules • Go through a “ripening” process as they pass through the genital ducts • Before being able to fertilize an egg they must go through a process called capacitation • During capacitation enzymes from the sperm break down cervical mucus to get to the egg

  8. Spermatogenesis

  9. Testosterone Testosterone is released by interstitial (Leydig) cells in the seminiferous tubules • Promotes male sexual behavior • Maintains prostate and seminal vesicles • Promotes protein anabolism and bone growth • Increases muscle development • Leads to epiphyseal closure

  10. Testosterone Seminiferous tubule Leydig Cells

  11. Genital Ducts – “Sperm Pathway” Epididymis • Located on top of and behind the testis. • Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tubule that continues into the vas deferens • The seminiferous tubules empty into the epididymis via the efferent ducts • Sperm spend 1 to 3 weeks maturing here

  12. Genital Ducts Vas Deferens (ductus deferens) • Thick muscular cord that continues from epididymis • Travels up the inguinal canal, behind the bladder where it joins with a seminal vesicle • Sperm may stay in here for 1 month without a loss of fertility

  13. Genital Ducts Ejaculatory Duct • Two short tubules formed after the vas deferens join the seminal vesicles • They join together and pass through the prostate gland terminating in the urethra • The urethra is the last genital duct sperm pass through

  14. Genital Ducts Urethra • Serves dual function in male reproductive and urinary system. • 20 cm long tube that allows urine and semen to exit the male body.

  15. Reproductive Glands – “Nourish sperm” Seminal Vesicles • Located posterior to the lower part of the bladder • Secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that makes up 60% of semen • Alkalinity helps to neutralize acidity of the vagina • Fluid contains fructose to nourish sperm

  16. Reproductive Glands Prostate Gland • Donut-shaped gland located directly below the bladder and surrounding the urethra • Secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid that makes up 30% of semen • Contains citrate to nourish sperm and enzymes to activate sperm

  17. Reproductive Glands Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands • Two pea-shaped glands located at the top of the penile portion of the urethra • Secrete alkaline fluid and lubricating fluid

  18. Path of Sperm Ejection 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 2. 1.

  19. Supporting Structures –“Support Reproduction” Scrotum • Divided by a septum, each halve housing a testis, epididymis and spermatic cord • It has special muscles that contract and relax to move the testes closer to or farther away from the body • This action ensures optimum temperature for sperm formation (3 degrees lower than body temp)

  20. Supporting Structures Penis • Composed of three masses of erectile tissue held together by skin • Two upper larger cylinders are the corpora cavernosa • The lower one houses the urethra and is called the corpus spongiosum • The most distal region is called the glans penis and is surrounded by the foreskin (prepuce) • Erection of the penis occurs when corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum fill with blood. • Penis allows for sexual intercourse and delivery of sperm

  21. Disorders • Inguinal hernia- when intestines push through wall of abdominal cavity causing swelling in scrotum • Hypospadias- opening of urethra is located in ventral side of the penis • Epispadias- opening of urethra is located on dorsal side of penis • Infertility- low sperm count • Sterility- complete inability to reproduce • Cryptorchidism- testes are “hidden” in abdominal cavity to infant • Prostatic hypertrophy- occurs in 75% of men over the age of 50

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