CHP 200: Community Health Program-l Mohamed M. B. Alnoor

1. SAFETY and INJURY PREVENTION CHP 200: Community Health Program-l Mohamed M. B. Alnoor

2. CONTENT • Definition of injury • Causes of Accident • Epidemiologic Triangle • Impact of injury and accidents • Prevention of Injury

3. Injury: Physical damage due to transfer of energy INJURY Definition: kinetic thermal electrical chemical radiant Over a period of time: “exposure” either acute or chronic

4. Accident: An unexpected occurrence, happening by chance • Injury: a definable,understandable, predictable,preventable, correctable event, with specific risks for occurrence. INJURY Definition: Injury, Not Accident! • A result of poorly managed risk

5. “Disease of injury” concept INJURY Definition: Epidemiologic Triangle AGENT A causal relationship! Environment Host “Prevention is the vaccine for the disease of injury.”

6. Accidents are caused by: • Unsafe acts • Unsafe conditions INJURY Causes of Accident • Most difficult to address • Changing behavior isn’t easy • Best prevented by developing a “safety culture”

7. Unsafe Conditions • Easiest to correct (and very cost effective) • Easiest to prevent • Safety audits • Safety inspections • Maintenance schedules for equipment • Encouraging employee reporting • Good housekeeping INJURY Causes of Accident

8. INJURY Causes of Accident Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix

9. > 275,000 persons (men, women and children) • 6,000 deaths ( 16 per day ) - 60% : reckless driving - 34 % : speeding • 1/3 of all hospital beds • SR 26 billion INJURY KSA Traffic accidents The toll:

10. In USA • 80% blunt, 20% penetrating • Motor vehicle, gunshot, falls etc.. • Drowning, poisonings • 5th leading cause of death (1996) • First, age 1 through 44 (1996) INJURY Mechanism, Outcomes

11. Disability far exceeds death rate • First, age 1- 44 • “Years of life lost” (YLL) concept: INJURY Disability, Outcomes • - Life expectancy for young shortened by death from injury • - Comparable with heart disease and cancer • - Young and productive members of society!

12. Direct Costs • Medical Costs (including worker’s comp) • Indemnity Payments • Indirect Costs • Time Lost (by worker and supervisor) • Schedule delays • Training new employees • Cleanup time / equipment repairs • Legal fees INJURY Cost of Accidents

13. The Iceberg Effect INJURY Cost of Accidents On average, the indirect costs of accidents exceed the direct costs by a 4:1 ratio

14. INJURY Injury Prevention Categories of injury prevention: • Primary prevention: • Secondary prevention: • Tertiary prevention: Eliminate the event Diminish effect Improve outcomes

15. The 4 E’s: • Education • Enactment/Enforcement • Engineering • Economic incentives/ penalties INJURY Injury Prevention General Principles

16. INJURY Injury Prevention Public Health Approach Five steps: Surveillance What is the problem? Risk identification What is the cause? Intervention What works? Implementation How do you do it? Outcome measurement Did it work?

17. INJURY Injury Prevention Strategies of injury prevention: Examples of effective injury prevention: Highway speed limits “Cycle” helmet laws Child passenger restraint laws Smoke detectors Apartment window guards

18. Establish accountability for safety • Define safety responsibilities INJURY Injury Prevention Safety Cultures

19. Establish accountability for safety INJURY Injury Prevention Safety Cultures Employees should be evaluated on their safety Performance: Doing a job correctly includes doing it safely

20. Define safety responsibilities Employee responsibilities include INJURY Injury Prevention Safety Cultures • Maintaining good housekeeping • Recognizing and reporting safety hazards • Using personal protective equipment (PPE)

21. Define safety responsibilities Employer responsibilities include INJURY Injury Prevention Safety Cultures • Providing access to information • Providing personal protective equipment • Providing training

22. Equipment / Field Changes • Rule Changes / Coaching • Individual Preparation INJURY Injury Prevention Preventing Sports Injuries

23. INJURY Injury Prevention Preventing Sports Injuries Field/Equipment Changes Equipment Changes to prevent injuries Add equipment : • Helmets • Chin protectors

24. INJURY Injury Prevention Preventing Sports Injuries Field/Equipment Changes Field modifications to prevent injuries • Avoid : • Potholes • grates • Anchoring soccer goals

25. INJURY Injury Prevention Preventing Sports Injuries Rule Changes/Coaching • Rule changes to adjust for injury patterns • Example = “spearing” in football • Officials • Must enforce the established rules • Coaches • Teach the appropriate techniques

26. Learn about the game prior to signing up • Is this sport appropriate for your child? • Does your child wish to participate? • Who will be supervising practices/games? INJURY Injury Prevention Preventing Sports Injuries Individual Preparation Prior to Participation

27. Purchase the recommended equipment • Pre-participation physical exam • Preseason conditioning INJURY Injury Prevention Preventing Sports Injuries Individual Preparation Prior to Participation

28. Practice within your limits • Stay well-hydrated • Know and follow the rules of the game INJURY Injury Prevention Preventing Sports Injuries Individual Preparation At Participation

29. If injured • Seek medical attention prior to returning to play • Adequate rehabilitation is essential INJURY Injury Prevention Preventing Sports Injuries Individual Preparation At Participation