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Ethics and Corruption in Public Service. CHALLENGES OF PUBLIC SERVICE. Large scale problems Transcend borders Stress limited resources Require knowledge and skill. Drug Trafficking. Terrorism. Human Trafficking. DOMESTIC AND TRANSNATIONAL. Provision of domestic public services
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CHALLENGES OF PUBLIC SERVICE Large scale problems Transcend borders Stress limited resources Require knowledge and skill Drug Trafficking Terrorism Human Trafficking
DOMESTIC AND TRANSNATIONAL Provision of domestic public services Transnational challenges Organized crime and terrorism Poverty and disease Environment and resources Interconnectivity and technology
STABILITY AND ORDER Regional conflicts National insurrections Rogue organizations International response Funding and manning issues Human rights: order vs. individual / group freedoms
ETHICS Principles and values that guide public and private conduct Personal, collective, professional, societal dimensions Go beyond criminal law Involved everyday in public administration and policy making
MILITARY Professional v. personal obligations Administration of arms, supplies, equipment, and personnel Command over subordinates Control over missions Darleen Druyun Darleen Druyun Darlene Druyun Former Principal Deputy Undersecretary of the Air Force for Acquisition
CORRUPTION Abuse of entrusted power Public or private actors “According to the rule” or “against the rule” Grand v. petty Organized v. unorganized Systemic v. localized Political v. administrative Linked to other criminal activities Demonstrations in Kyrgyzstan
CORRUPTION Can occur in any public context Many forms: Bribery, extortion, embezzlement Kickbacks, self-dealing Under-assessments Coerced donations Nepotism and cronyism Ghost employees “Grease” payments Former U.S. Congressman Dan Rostenkowski
PERCEPTIONS OF CORRUPTION Source: Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2010
DISPELLING MYTHS Poverty is not the same as corruption Corruption is not a necessary characteristic of developing nations Corruption does not result in efficiency
CORRUPTION MATTERS Distorts social, economic and political decisions Diverts scarce resources Suspends rule of law Impedes skill development Encourages deception Discourages development and investment Threatens democracy
REFORM High-level commitment? Enforcement power? Overcome entrenched resistance? Coordination, specificity, and regular application? Realistic promises and expectations? More than textual changes? Institutional mechanisms?
ACTIVITIES PRONE TO CORRUPTION • Privatization • Large-scale public works projects • Defense spending • Revenue collection (customs) • Licensing and permitting
Agriculture – 5.9 Light Manufacturing – 5.9 Fishery – 5.9 IT – 5.1 Forestry – 5.1 Civilian Aerospace – 4.9 Banking & Finance - 4.7 Heavy Manufacturing – 4.5 Pharmaceuticals/Medical Care – 4.3 Transportation/Storage – 4.3 Mining – 4.0 Power Generation/Transmission 3.7 Telecommunications – 3.7 Real Estate/Property – 3.7 Oil & Gas – 2.7 Arms & Defense – 1.9 Public Works & Construction – 1.3 Note: Respondents were asked, “Which are the sectors in your country of residence where senior public officials would be very likely, quite likely or unlikely to accept bribes? TI estimates the standard error to be 0.2 or less. Conducted by Gallop in 15 Emerging Market Countries. Source: Transparency International’s Global Corruption Report 2003 SECTORS PRONE TO BRIBERY0 = High Bribery; 10 = Low Bribery
CAUSES OF CORRUPTIONINSTITUTIONAL SOCIETAL POVERTY & CONFLICT WIDE AUTHORITY CORRUPTION LITTLE ACCOUNTABILITY PERSONAL LOYALTIES ILLEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT PERVERSE INCENTIVES
CONCLUSION Anti-corruption efforts: Foster culture of principled conduct Create institutional mechanisms for prevention, detection and punishment