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Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks. Poorya Ghafoorpoor Yazdi 105003 Mohammad Zerrat Talab 105081 Masoud Toughian 115089 Maziar Movahedi 085131. Outlines. Definition about sensor node Comparison of WSN with Ad Hoc Network

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Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

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  1. Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks Poorya Ghafoorpoor Yazdi 105003 Mohammad Zerrat Talab 105081 Masoud Toughian 115089 Maziar Movahedi 085131

  2. Outlines • Definition about sensor node • Comparison of WSN with Ad Hoc Network • General Application of the wireless sensor networks • Manufacturing Application of WSN • Definition about Localization of WSN • Specific application of localization in manufacturing

  3. Outline • Definition about wireless sensors • Wireless Sensor Networks • Application of WSN • Application of WSN in Manufacturing • Localization – What? Why? • Classification of Localization Algorithms • Examples of Localization Techniques

  4. Node Hardware 1Kbps - 1Mbps, 3-100 Meters, Lossy Transmissions 128KB-1MB Limited Storage Transceiver 8-bit, 10 MHz Slow Computations Memory Embedded Processor Sensors Battery 66% of Total Cost Requires Supervision Limited Lifetime Energy Harvesting System

  5. Wireless sensor network VS Ad Hoc Network • Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists of sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc manner. • These sensors work with each other to sense some physical phenomenon and then the information gathered is processed to get relevant results. • Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and algorithms with self-organizing capabilities.

  6. Wireless sensor network VS Ad Hoc Network • Wireless sensor networks mainly use broadcast communication while ad hoc networks use point-to-point communication. • Unlike ad hoc networks wireless sensor networks are limited by sensors limited power, energy and computational capability. • Sensor nodes may not have global ID because of the large amount of overhead and large number of sensors.

  7. Fields of application of wireless sensor networks

  8. Applications of sensor networks Military applications: • Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition • Exploration of opposing forces and terrain • Battlefield surveillance • Battle damage assessment • Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection

  9. Applications of sensor networks Health applications: • Tele-monitoring of human physiological data • Tracking and monitoring patients and doctors inside a hospital • Drug administration in hospitals

  10. Example of Products Applicable for Health care • Pulse Oximeter • Glucose Meter • Electrocardiogram (ECG) • Social Alarm Devices

  11. Smart Buildings Sensors and sensor networks are used in multiple smart building applications: • Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems • Lightning  • Air quality and window control • Systems switching off devices  • Standard household applications (e.g. televisions, washing machines) • Security and safety (access control)

  12. Example of Smart buildings The headquarters of the New York Times is an example of how different smart building technologies can be combined to reduce energy consumption and to increase user comfort. Overall, the building consumes 30 % less energy than traditional office skyscrapers.

  13. Environmental Monitoring • This sensor measures light, temperature, and humidity, and can be equipped to do soil-moisture measurements. • The system takes measurements every second and transmits over 40 meters.(about 3cm diameter) • It was developed for planetary monitoring by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

  14. Some Interesting Applications • MIT d'Arbeloff Lab – The ring sensor • Monitors the physiological status of the wearer and transmits the information to the medical professional over the Internet • Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Nose-on-a-chip is a MEMS-based sensor • It can detect 400 species of gases and transmit a signal indicating the level to a central control station

  15. iBadge - UCLA • Investigate behavior of children/patient • Features: • Speech recording / replaying • Position detection • Direction detection / estimation(compass) • Weather data: Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Light

  16. Wireless Sensor Networks Applications In manufacturing • WSNs can be used advantageously for rare event detection or periodic data collection for manufacturing applications. In rare event detection, sensors are used to detect and classify rare and random events, such as alarm and fault detection notifications due to important changes in machine, process, plant security or operator actions. On the other hand, periodic data collection is required for operations such as tracking of the material flows, health monitoring of equipment/process. Such monitoring and control applications reduce the labor cost and human errors.

  17. End-User View of Manufacturing WSN • Dislikes • Change to status quo • Complexity • High cost for coverage in large plants • Security issues • Portability issues (power) • Unproven reliability • Too risky for process control • Lack of experience in troubleshooting (staff) • Restricted infrastructure flexibility once implemented • Lack of analysis tools Likes • Mobility • Compactness • Flexibility • Low cost • Capability to monitor rotating equipment • Short range (security) • Ease of installation • High reliability • Impetus to enhance electronics support

  18. Manufacturing Application • Inventory Tracking • In-Process Parts Tracking • Customer Tracking • Plant Equipment Maintenance and Monitoring

  19. Example of Manufacturing Applications

  20. Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks • What? • To determine the physical coordinates of a group of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN) • Due to application context, use of GPS is unrealistic, therefore, sensors need to self-organize a coordinate system • Why? • To report data that is geographically meaningful • Services such as routing rely on location information; geographic routing protocols; context-based routing protocols, location-aware services

  21. Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks In general, almost all the sensor network localization algorithms share three main phases • DISTANCE ESTIMATION • POSITION COMPUTATION • LOCALIZATION ALGHORITHM

  22. End Start Exist an Unknown Node which has at least three reference node in its coverage area End Select an Unknown Node Unknown Nod Selection Obtain a Vague Position Select Reference Node Drive local Position for reference Node Distance Estimation Estimate the Distance to the Reference Node Any Selected Reference Node Without Estimated Distance Calculate the Position of the Selected Unknown Node Position Computation

  23. Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks • The distance estimation phase involves measurement techniques to estimate the relative distance between the nodes. • The Position computation consists of algorithms to calculate the coordinates of the unknown node with respect to the known anchor nodes or other neighboring nodes. • The localization algorithm, in general, determines how the information concerning distances and positions, is manipulated in order to allow most or all of the nodes of a WSN to estimate their position. Optimally the localization algorithm may involve algorithms to reduce the errors and refine the node positions.

  24. Distance Estimation There are four common methods for measuring in distance estimation technique: • ANGLE OF ARRIVAL (AOA) • TIME OF ARRIVAL (TOA) • TIME DIFFERENT OF ARRIVAL (TDOA) • THE RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGH INDICATOR (RSSI)

  25. Distance Estimation • ANGLE OF ARRIVAL method allows each sensor to evaluate the relative angles between received radio signals • TIME OF ARRIVAL method tries to estimate distances between two nodes using time based measures • TIME DIFFERENT OF ARRIVAL is a method for determining the distance between a mobile station and nearby synchronized base station • THE RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH INDICATOR techniques are used to translate signal strength into distance.

  26. Position Computation The common methods for position computation techniques are: • LATERATION • ANGULATION

  27. Position Computation • LATERATION techniques based on the precise measurements to three non collinear anchors. Lateration with more than three anchors called multilateration. • ANGULATION or triangulation is based on information about angles instead of distance.

  28. Classifications of Localization Methods According to the ways of Sensors implementation, we classify the current wireless sensor network localization algorithms into several categories such as: • Centralized vs Distributed • Anchor-free vs Anchor-based • Range-free vs Range-based • Mobile vs Stationary

  29. Proposed Method • Range Based Centralized Localization using Neural Networks

  30. Training

  31. Experiment

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