AWA CONSULTATIVE EXPERTS’ COMMITTEE MEETING OF COMMISSION OF THE AFRICAN UNION, NOUAKCHOTT, MAURITANIA 27-28 MAY 2014

1. Integrating HIV and gender issues into Environmental Assessment processes in Africa(Using Capital/Development Projects to Contribute to Domestic Financing for Health) AWA CONSULTATIVE EXPERTS’ COMMITTEE MEETING OF COMMISSION OF THE AFRICAN UNION, NOUAKCHOTT, MAURITANIA27-28 MAY 2014

2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Recommendations Challenges and Way Forward Using EA to Mitigate the Impacts of Capital development on HIV Progress on Using Env. Assessments to Mitigate HIV Impacts in Africa Introduction The UNDP/African Development Bank Project Presentation outline

3. Introduction 1:HIV in Africa • 69% of the 34 million people living with HIV globallylive in Africa • More than 13.5 million people living with HIV in SADC region alone • 37% of female sex workers in Africa are estimated to be living with HIV • Current challenges include: • Low uptake of HIV testing, • Need for innovative HIV prevention services • Need for sustainability of funding • Addressing the long term structural drivers including migration, stigma and discrimination and weak laws • Interestis now growing in relation to the linkages between increasing HIV infections and large infrastructure projects

4. Introduction 2: Capital Projects Development in Africa • At the same time: • Africa is experiencing a boom in the development of its resources for which large capital projects are pre-requisites • Large infrastructure projects feature in most NDPs e.g. • South Africa’s $113 billion infrastructure Plan • Angola’s transport infrastructure plan • Mozambique’s development of its oil and natural gas resources • Uganda’s oil discoveries in the Albertine Rift Valley • South Sudan’s plans to improve trade and oil export corridors through Uganda and Kenya • Botswana’s planned trans-Kalahari railway • Cameroon’s mega seaport in Kiribi • Tanzania’s road upgrades to the port of Mtwara • Zambia’s construction of the Kazungula Bridge and Link Zambia 8000 • Nigeria’s 113B railway expansion project • Implementation of the EAC priority Projects

5. Introduction 3: Links between HIV & Capital Development in Africa • Initial reports linking large capital projects and HIV were from the Asian Development Bank and the Great Mekong region but are corroborated by recent studies by IOM and by other studies in Africa • Execution of road networks can be an HIV vulnerability factor i.e. Nacala corridor in northern Mozambique • In the extractive industry, migrant miners in South Africa (30-44 age group) estimated to be 15% more likely to be HIV positive • A woman whose partner is a migrant miner was 8% more likely to become HIV infected • A study of the HIV prevalence in the coal-mining province of Tete in Mozambique showed an increase of 80% between 2009 and 2011 • Niger Delta is one of the most highly affected regions in Nigeria for HIV. Two of the three states that experienced a more than 100% increase in sero-prevalence rates between 1991 and 1997 were in the Niger Delta where oil is produced.

6. Introduction 4:Links between HIV & Capital Development in Africa • The construction of the Khatse dam in Lesotho played a significant role in the spread of HIVe.g. in Leribe, considered to be the gateway to the LHWP, infection rate amongst 15-24 year olds rose from 3% in 1991 to 12.6% in 1993 • By 1999, tests for antenatal women living in the villages around the Khatse Dam indicated that 22% were HIV positive • In South Africa, the construction of the Madupe nuclear power plant has coincidentally seen a rise in new HIV infections in the Waterberg district 23% to 30.3% in 2011.

7. Using EA to Mitigate the Impacts Capital Development on HIV • Three Key Messages……… • We can take advantage of the “construction boom” and the relatively large resources attached to them, to mitigate health risks that might be associated with them • To do that we need to improve the ability of all stakeholders (decision makers, politicians, regulatory authorities, developers, health and gender experts, civil society and the community, etc.) to better predict social impacts, particularly those related to HIV and gender associated with such projects • With integrated design and implementation of interventions, we can help to maximizethe benefits of such developments whilst mitigating against negative consequences In the context of raising additional domestic financing for HIV Environmental and Social Assessment Process is the only legally approved tool in all countries to do that.

8. The Environmental Assessment Soup EA soup Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) Environmental Assessment (EA)

9. Using EA to Mitigate the Impacts Capital Development on HIV • EA is a proactive tool used for identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the relevant negative effects of large capital (development) projects prior to making decisions (Includes Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessments) • Provides decision-makers with a holistic and informed opinion based on sound and objective research and analysis of how such projects may render whole communities vulnerable. • There are 5 main stages of the Environmental Assessment Process are good entry points where stakeholders can make strategic contributions in support of national AIDS responses.

10. Using EA to Mitigate the Impacts Capital Development on HIV • Screening: Assessment of whether a large capital project requires an environmental assessment or not and at what level (Usually by the NEMA and line ministry involved) • Scoping: Scoping is the process of determining the issues to be addressed, the information to be collected, and the analysis required to assess the environmental and social impacts of the project. • Environmental Impact Assessment: As the administrative or regulatory process by which the environmental impact of a project is determined in a systematic and scientific manner • Environmental Management Plan: Management and mitigation measures are implemented on the ground through a well formulated Environmental Management Plan (EMP) • Environmental Monitoring: activities undertaken by a company or contractor during project construction and operation to monitor its effects on the environment

11. The UNDP/AfDB Project • Recognising that the EA process can provide a proactive opportunity for up-scaling HIV prevention efforts, UNDP in partnership with ILO, IOM and AfDB have initiated a project aimed at integrating health (HIV) and Gender issues in EAs in Africa. • The objective are: • To increase the awarenessof decision makers, civil society and environmental assessment practitioners • To assist officials who plan, administer and manage impact assessments to also considerhealth (HIV) & gender • To assist environmental assessment practitioners to work closely with NACs, MoH, Gender related institutions, human rights organizations, CSOs and NGOs in properly assessing HIV and gender impacts • To strengthen existing legal and institutional frameworks and EA practice to ensure that HIV and gender-related issues are integrated into EAs • This multi-country initiative contributes to Pillar One of the AU Road Map in terms of identifying more diversified, balanced and sustainable models of financing.

12. Progress on Using EAs to Mitigate HIV Impacts in Africa • Advocacy workshops held in 8 ESA countries (2011) • Institutional self-assessments were conducted in six countries (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Malawi, Uganda and Zambia) (2011) • Development of a guideline launched jointly by UNDP & AfDB • 4 ToT sessionsconducted for 170 participants from 10 countries (2012/2013) • 80 EIA experts have been trained in partnership with IAIASA (2013) • 50 national/private sector personnel trained in Mozambique • CSO sectors of SANAC trained (2014) • Legislativeenvironmentsstrengthened in the 8 countries in ESA (Botswana, BurkinaFaso, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Uganda & Zambia) (2011-2014) • Six countries (Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, SouthAfrica and Uganda) have either completed a law reform or in the process (2012/2014)

13. Progress on Using EAs to Mitigate HIV Impacts in Africa

14. Challenges and Way Forward • Way Forward • Awareness-raising at Africa Union & RECs’ level • Advocacy & Capacity Building for country and regional stakeholders • Strong partnerships between UNDP, AfDB and the AUC, UNEP, ILO, IOM, WHO,RECS • Revamping inter-ministerial committees on environment • Promote research to generate and share knowledge • Challenges • Weak understanding of and a lack of willingness by developers to invest in social interventions • Confusion on the role of developers, government and civil society in terms of the planning, programming &execution of social intervention related to EA • Lack of general indicators to monitor social impacts and interventions within the EIA process • Weak accountability mechanisms

15. Recommendations (Contribute to Domestic Financing for Health) • African Union Commission and the Regional Economic Communities work with Member States to: • Facilitate advocacy at the highest levels of government and through relevant AUC structures e.g. the AMCEN to raise awareness on the links between infrastructure development and HIV/Gender vulnerability. • Facilitate advocacy and research so that developers and governments recognise social interventions around large capital projects as investments rather than as mere expenditures. • Help develop continental wide indicators that can be adapted and used by national governments and developers to monitor social interventions associated with large capital projects. • Promote accountability within the EIA process by helping to: • strengthen CSO and community engagement in public participation; • formulate evidence informed mitigation measures; iii) tighten compliance auditing and monitoring to make sure that the EMPs are fully implemented; and iv) ensure that allocated funds attached to large capital projects are effectively planned for and monitored.

16. Thank You benjamin.ofosu-kooranteng@undp.org Acknowledgements: Bryony Walmsley (Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessments) Peter Tarr ((Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessments) UNDP HIV, Health and Development Team (Addis Ababa) Rosemary Kumwenda (UNDP Malawi)