Psychoanalysis

2. Psychoanalysis • Developed by Sigmund Freud • Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality • Emphasizes unconscious motivation – the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind

3. Dr. Sigmund Freud 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939

4. Born in Freiburg in Moravia View of Freiburg

5. Freud and his father,

6. Freud’s mother, Amalia

7. Early Life • 1859: Moves to Leipzig • 1860: Moves to Vienna • 3 brothers and 5 sisters • 1865: Enters Leopoldstäter Real-und Obergymnasium, where he is a brilliant student from the outset • 1873: Graduates by passing his exams most impressively • 1876: Wins a research grant • 1877: Joins Ernst Brücke, German physiologist teaching at the University of Vienna • 1881: Obtains his medical degree

8. Jacob Freud’s family, Vienna, 1878

9. Trains at Vienna General Hospital, 1582-1585

10. 1885-1886 • Studies in France with French neurologist, Jean Martin Charcot • They work at the mental hospital, the Salpêtrière • 1886: Returns via Berlin, where he studies children’s diseases • Opens private practice • Marries Martha Bernays

11. Jean Martin Charcot

12. Charcot, La Leçon

13. Engagement picture; Martha Bernays

14. 1887-1900 • 1877: Mathilde born • 1877: Meets Wilhelm Fliess • 1888: Begins to publish papers • 1889: Jean-Martin born • 1891: Oliver born • 1893: Sophie born • 1895: Anna born • 1895: Studies on Hysteria, with Breuer • 1896: The word “psychoanalysis” appears in print for the first time • 1899/1900: The Interpretation of Dreams

15. Wilhelm Fliess

16. Josef Breuer

17. Studies on Hysteria, 1895

18. The Interpretation of Dreams, 1899/1900

19. 1901-1910 • 1901/1904: The Psychopathology of Everyday Life • 1902: Founds the Psychological Wednesday Society • 1905: Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious • 1905: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality • 1907: Jung first visits Freud’s home • 1908: First International Congress of Psychoanalysts • 1909: Little Hans, Rat Man • 1910: Publishes more papers

20. The Psychopathology Of Everyday Life, 1901

21. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 1905

22. Information in your immediate awareness Rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality Information which can easily be made conscious Moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality Irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality Thoughts, feelings, urges, and other information that is difficult to bring to conscious awareness

23. Psychoanalytic Approach • Conscious – all things we are aware of at any given moment

24. Psychoanalytic Approach • Preconscious – everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness

25. Psychoanalytic Approach • Unconscious –inaccessible warehouse of anxiety-producing thoughts and drives

26. Psychoanalytic Divisions of the Mind • Id—instinctual drives present at birth • does not distinguish between reality and fantasy • operates according to the pleasure principle • Ego—develops out of the id in infancy • understands reality and logic • mediator between id and superego • Superego • internalization of society’s moral standards • responsible for guilt

27. Id: The Pleasure Principle • Pleasure principle—drive toward immediate gratification, most fundamental human motive • Sources of energy • Eros—life instinct, perpetuates life • Thanatos—death instinct, aggression, self-destructive actions • Libido—sexual energy or motivation

28. Ego: The Reality Principle • Reality principle —ability to postpone gratification in accordance with demands of reality (ex: waiting turn in line) • Ego—rational, organized, logical, mediates demands of reality • Can repress desires that cannot be met in an acceptable manner

29. Superego: Conscience • Internalization of societal and parental values • Allows you to judge right or wrong • Can be harshly punitive using feelings of guilt

30. Defense Mechanisms Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety

32. Defense Mechanisms • Repression —keeping anxiety-producing thoughts out of the conscious mind • Reaction formation —replacing an unacceptable wish with its opposite

33. Defense Mechanisms • Displacement—when a drive directed to one activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the ego • Sublimation—displacement to activities that are valued by society

34. Defense Mechanisms • Projection—reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else • Rationalization—reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts • Regression—retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development

35. Psychosexual Stages • Freud’s five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone • Fixation—an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it was achieved in these stages (someone who chews gum, bites fingernails, smokes, may have unresolved oral psychosexual conflicts)

36. Oral Stage (birth – 1 year) • Mouth is associated with sexual pleasure • Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly • Fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood

37. Anal Stage (1 – 3 years) • Anus is associated with pleasure • Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly • Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood

38. Phallic Stage (3 – 5 years) • Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals • Oedipus or Electra complex can occur • Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females

39. Latency Stage (5 – puberty) • Sexuality is repressed • Children participate in hobbies, school, and same-sex friendships

40. Genital Stage (puberty on) • Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others • Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work; fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages