Review of Greek Grammar

1. Review of Greek Grammar Nouns and Case Endings Making Sense of Verb Tenses Understanding Different Moods Those Pesky Participles and Irritating Infinitives

2. Nouns and Case Endings • Eight cases in the Greek grammar system: • Nominative • The case of designation • Typically the subject of the sentence • oJ a[nqrwpoVginwvskei(“The man knows.”) • Genitive (“of”) • The case of description (often describing a possessor) • Attributes quality to the word it modifies • oJoi\koVtou: ajnqrwvpou(“the house of the man” or “the man’s house”)

3. Nouns and Case Endings • Ablative (“from”) • Often combined with the Genitive case • Uses the same form as the Genitive case • The case of separation • oJ a[vnqrwpoVpevmpeitou;VdouvlouVtou: oi[kou (“the man sends the slaves from the house”) • Dative (“to”) • Case of interest • Used often to express the indirect object of a verb • oJajpovstoloVlevgeilovgouVtoi:VajnqrwvpoiV(“The apostle says words to the men.”)

4. Nouns and Case Endings • Locative (“in”) • Often combined with the Dative case • Uses the same form as the Dative case • The case of location or position • oJ a[nqrwpoVdidavskeitw/: oi[kw/ (“The man teaches in the house.”) • Instrumental (“with” or “by”) • Often combined with the Dative case • Uses the same form as the Dative case • The case of means • oJ a[nqrwpoVdidavskeilovgoiV(“The man teaches with words.”)

5. Nouns and Case Endings • Accusative • The case of limitation • It marks the limit or end of an action • Mainly used as the direct object of a verb • oJ a[nqrwpoVlevgeilovgouV(“The man says words.”) • Vocative • The case of address • ajdelfev, blevpwoi\kon(“Brother, I see a house.”)

6. Nouns and Case Endings • There are three declensions in the Greek language: • 1st Declension - a sound predominates • 2nd Declension - o sound predominates • 3rd Declension – consonant stems predominate • A Greek noun is identified in three ways: • Case • Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) • Number (singular or plural) • Ex. – Nominative masculine singular (NMS)

7. Nouns and Case Endings • 1st Declension Nouns Singular Feminine Nouns Masculine Nouns “day” “glory” “voice” “disciple” “young man” Nom. hJmevradovxafwnhvmaqhthvVneanivaV Gen. hJmevraVdovxhVfwnh:Vmaqhtou: neanivou Dat. hJmevra/ dovxh/ fwnh:/ maqhth:/ neaniva/ Acc. hJmevrandovxanfwnhvnmaqhthvnneanivan Voc.hJmevradovxafwnhvmaqhtavneaniva

8. Nouns and Case Endings • 1st Declension Plural Feminine Nouns Masculine Nouns “days” “glories” “voices” “disciples” “young men” N & V hJmevraidovxaifwnaivmaqhtaivneanivai Gen. hJmerw:ndoxw:nfwnw:nmaqhtw:nneaniw:n Dat. hJmevraiVdovxaiVfwnai:Vmaqhtai:VneanivaiV Acc.hJmevraVdovxaVfwnavVmaqhtavVneanivaV

9. Nouns and Case Ending • The Definite Article Singular Plural Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. oJhJtovoiJaiJtav Gen. tou: th:Vtou: tw:ntw:ntw:n Dat. tw:/ th:/ tw:/ toi:Vtai:Vtoi:V Acc. tovnthvntovtou:VtavVtav

10. Nouns and Case Endings • 2nd Declension Masculine Singular Plural Nom. oJ a[nqrwpoV (on) oiJ a[nqrwpoi (a) Gen. tou: ajnqrwvpoutw:najnqrwvpwn Dat. tw/: ajnqrwvpw/ toi:VajnqrwvpoiV Acc. to;n a[nqrwpon (on) tou;VajnqrwvpouV (a) Voc. a[nqrwpe a[nqrwpoi *Neuter endings are in brackets (def art. – to [sing.] and ta [pl.]) * Feminine nouns take the feminine definite article, but take the same noun endings as the masculine nouns (hJoJdovV – “the way”).

11. Noun and Case Endings • 3rd Declension • Most difficult of the declensions to master. • It contains over thirty paradigms. • Characteristics of the 3rd declension: • Gen. sing. ends in -V (-oVmost frequently] • Dat. sing. ends in –i • Nom., Voc., Acc. pl. end in -V (-eVand -oV most frequently] • Gen. pl. ends in –wn • Dat. pl. ends in –si(n)

12. Noun and Case Endings • 3rd Declension Singular Masc./Fem.Neuter Nom. -V, none none Gen. -oV -oV Dat. -i -i Acc. -a or -n none

13. Noun and Case Endings • 3rd Declension Plural Masc./Fem.Neuter Nom. -eV -a Gen. -wn -wn Dat. -si -si Acc. -aV -a

14. Noun and Case Endings • 3rd Declension (paradigm examples) • oJ a[rcwn(stem is ajrcont-) (Masculine) Singular Plural Nom. a[rcwn a[rconteV Gen. a[rcontoVajrcovntwn Dat. a[rconti a[rcousi(n) Acc. a[rconta a[rcontaV

15. Noun and Case Endings • 3rd Declension (paradigm examples) • hJsavrx(stem is sark-) (Feminine) Singular Plural Nom. savrxsavrkeV Gen. sarkovVsarkw:n Dat. sarkivsarxiv(n) Acc. savrkasavrkaV

16. Noun and Case Endings • 3rd Declension (paradigm examples) • to; sw:ma(stem is swmat-) (Neuter) Singular Plural Nom. sw:maswvmata Gen. swvmatoVswmavtwn Dat. swvmatiswvmasi(n) Acc. swvmaswvmata

17. Making Sense of Verb Tenses • Identifying Verbs (Parsing) • Tense • Tense is the quality of a verb that deals with action. • Verbs have time of action (past, present, future). • Verbs have kind of action (linear or punctiliar). • Voice • Voice is the indicator of relationship between verb and subject • Three types of voice: active, passive, middle

18. Making Sense of Verb Tenses • Identifying verbs (cont.) • Mood • Mood helps to discover the relations of action to reality. • Action is either actually taking place or is potential. • Person (first, second, third) • Number (singular or plural) * 1st person singular Aorist active indicative (1sAAI)

19. Making Sense of Verb Tenses • Present Indicative • The present tense indicates progressive action at the present time. • The indicative mood relates the reality of action from the viewpoint of the speaker. Present Active Indicative of luvw

20. Making Sense of Verb Tenses Present Middle/Passive Indicative of luvw • Notice the middle and passive forms are the same. • Function will be determined by context.

21. Making Sense of Verb Tenses • Future Indicative • Formation of the future indicative: • Future active indicative: primary stem + s + primary endings = Future lu+ s + w= luvsw • Future passive indicative: primary aorist stem + s + pass. personal endings = FPI luqh + s + omai= luqhvsomai

22. Making Sense of Verb Tenses Future Active Indicative

23. Making Sense of Verb Tenses Future Middle Indicative

24. Making Sense of Verb Tenses Future Passive Indicative

25. Making Sense of Verb Tenses • Imperfect Indicative • The imperfect is continuous action in past time. • It is best illustrated by a single line (). • The imperfect is signified by the syllabic augment - e • If the verb begins with a vowel, the word take the temporal augment, where the original vowel is lengthened: • e lengthens to h (ejgeivrw – h[geiron) • o lengthens to w (ojfeivlw – w[feivlon) • a lengthens to h (ajkouvw – h[kouon)

26. Making Sense of Verb Tenses Imperfect Active Indicative augment + present stem + secondary active endings

27. Making Sense of Verb Tenses Imperfect Middle & Passive Indicative augment + primary stem + secondary mid/pass. end.

28. Making Sense of Verb Tenses • The function of the imperfect tense: • Progressive past action (Descriptive) “he was speaking” • Attempted past action (Conative) “he tried to speak” • Repeated past action (Iterative) “he kept on speaking” • Beginning past action (Inceptive) “he began to speak”

29. Making Sense of Verb Tenses • Aorist Active Indicative (First & Second) • This is a tense that speaks of past time. • The kind of action is punctiliar (“snapshot”). • The aorist is written in the simple past tense. • Like the imperfect, it takes the augment (the augment rules apply just as in the imperfect).

30. Making Sense of Verb Tenses First Aorist Active Indicative Augment + present stem + sa + secondary endings

31. Making Sense of Verb Tenses First Aorist Middle Indicative Augment + first aorist active stem + secondary mid./pass. end

32. Making Sense of Verb Tenses First Aorist Passive Indicative Augment + present stem + passive voice morpheme + secondary active endings

33. Making Sense of Verb Tenses • Second Aorist Indicative • Second Aorist functions the same as first aorist. • The second aorist does not take the s past tense morpheme. • The stem changes in the second aorist. • This happens in the English past tense: • preach becomes preached • teach becomes taught

34. Making Sense of Verb Tenses Second Aorist Active Indicative of leivpw (“I leave”) Augment + Aorist stem + secondary endings

35. Making Sense of Verb Tenses Second Aorist Middle Indicative Augment + aorist stem + secondary middle ending

36. Making Sense of Verb Tenses Second Aorist Passive Indicative of ajpostevllw Augment + Aorist stem + secondary active endings

37. Making Sense of Verb Tenses • Perfect Indicative • This is the Greek tense of completed action with a resulting state of being ( ). • The primary emphasis is the resulting state of being. • The perfect is easy to spot because of the reduplicated stem. • Also, the perfect tense sign is k.

38. Making Sense of Verb Tenses Perfect Active Indicative reduplicated stem + ka + secondary active endings

39. Making Sense of Verb Tenses Perfect Middle/Passive Indicative reduplicated stem + primary middle/passive personal endings

40. Making Sense of Verb Tenses • The Pluperfect Indicative • It represents the past tense of the perfect. • Because it is past, it takes an augment. • The pluperfect is seldom used in the NT (John 9:22). Pluperfect Active Indicative

41. Understanding Different Moods • Summary of the Various Moods • Indicative – “The child runs” • Subjunctive – “If the child should run” • Expresses action not really taking place, but is objectively possible. • The child has the ability to run. • Of the three potential moods, this one is nearest to reality. • Optative – “Oh, that the child would run” • Expresses action not really taking place, but is subjectively possible. • This is the mood furthest removed from reality.

42. Understanding Different Moods • Imperative – “Run, child!” • Expresses action that is not really taking place, but is volitionally possible. • It is two stepsfrom real action of the indicative mood. • Indicative is the only mood which speaks of real action. • The other three moods are those of potential action.

43. Understanding Different Moods • The Subjunctive Mood • Forms of the Subjunctive • This mood occurs rarely in the perfect tense. • Besides the rare cases in the perfect tense, this mood occurs only in the present and aorist tenses. • Good News!! – The subjunctive mood is the most regular of all the moods. This means that the endings are the same throughout each conjugation.

44. Understanding Different Moods Present Active Subjunctive of luvw present stem + lengthened connecting vowel + primary endings

45. Understanding Different Moods Present Middle/Passive Subjunctive of luvw present stem + lengthened connecting vowel + primary mid/pass endings

46. Understanding Different Moods • Further notes on the subjunctive • The first aorist active and middle subjunctive is based on the same endings with the added s after the primary stem (luvsw, luvsh/V, luvsh/, etc.) • The first aorist passive subjunctive is formed by adding the q to the present stem plus the primary endings with the circumflex accent (luqw:, luqh:/V, luqh/:, etc.). • The second aorist is built on the stem change of the second aorist with no s plus the primary and middle endings. • There is no augment in the subjunctive mood.

47. Understanding Different Moods • Various expressions of the subjunctive: • Hortatory Subjunctive – used in first person plural • e[lqwmeneijVto;noi\kon(1pAAS) • “Let us go into the house.” • Prohibitive Subjunctive – used in the aorist second person; forbids the beginning of an act • eijVpeirasmo;nmh; eijsenevgkh/VhJma:V(2sAAS) • “Lead us not into temptation.” • “Don’t ever lead us into temptation.”

48. Understanding Different Moods • Deliberative Subjunctive – used to express a question whether rhetorical or real • tivei[pwuJmi:n (1sAAS) • “What shall I say to you?” • Emphatic Negation Subjunctive – employs double negative • oujmh; ejkquvgwsin(3pAAS) • “They shall be no means escape.” • Final Subjunctive – use of subordinate clause to express purpose • e[rcomaii{naei[pwaujtw:/ • “I come in order that I may speak to him.”

49. Understanding Different Moods • Probable Future Condition Subjunctive • This is used in conjunction with eja;n. • Expresses action that is not really taking place but which probably will take place in the future. • jEa;nei[pwmen • “If we say.”

50. Understanding Different Moods • The Imperative Mood • Introduction • Appears in the present and aorist tenses only • There is no first person in the imperative mood • The third person in the imperative must be translated with a permissive idea in mind – “let him . . .”