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GOES-R and the Hyperspectral Environmental Sensor (HES) Suite

GOES-R and the Hyperspectral Environmental Sensor (HES) Suite. Curtiss O. Davis Code 7203 Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375 curtiss.davis@nrl.navy.mil (202) 767-9296. Presentation Outline. Why Geostationary imaging for the coastal ocean? Status and Timeline For GOES-R

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GOES-R and the Hyperspectral Environmental Sensor (HES) Suite

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  1. GOES-R and the Hyperspectral Environmental Sensor (HES) Suite Curtiss O. Davis Code 7203 Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375 curtiss.davis@nrl.navy.mil (202) 767-9296

  2. Presentation Outline • Why Geostationary imaging for the coastal ocean? • Status and Timeline For GOES-R • Instrument threshold and goal requirements • Products • Applications and Science • Issues we should consider at this meeting • Supporting the GOES-R HES definition studies.

  3. Why Geostationary Imaging? • The key advantage of a geostationary imager is frequency of revisit. • The coastal ocean is highly dynamic • Tides, diurnal winds, river runoff, upwelling and storm winds drive currents from one to several knots • Tidal currents reverse every 6 hours. • HES-CW has a threshold requirement of sampling every 3 hours and a goal of hourly • Ocean color imaging requires sunlight and few clouds; • From Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Image when cloud free not on fixed satellite orbit schedule • The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) may be used to cue HES-CW • The sensor can stare at an area of interest for extended periods of time. • Integrate longer to improve Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) • Low Earth Orbit (LEO)the sensor is traveling at 7 km/sec plus scanning +/- 50 degrees gives integration times on order of 1/100 sec • In GEO integration times can be a second or longer as needed.

  4. Geostationary Field of Regard X X Figure 3.2.6 Approximate 62-degree LZA coverage regions as seen from east and west satellite positions. (HES PORD)

  5. GOES-R and HES Schedule • NOAA is planning to build the next generation Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES R) to be launched in 2012. • It will include the Hyperspectral Environment Suite (HES) The HES is any instrument or combination of instruments that meet the following threshold tasks: • two sounding tasks, which include disk sounding (DS) and severe weather/mesoscale sounding (SW/M), and • a shelf and coastal waters imaging task (CW). • The suite architecture will have a major impact on the ability of HES-CW to image the coastal waters. E.g. if it is only one instrument then the CW task will be scheduled around the DS task which will occupy most of the imaging time. • Last June NASA funded three companies (BAE, Ball and ITT) to conduct two-year, multimillion dollar design and risk reduction studies for the HES suite. • They will solidify the requirements by the end of January 2005 and have a preliminary design by the end of the first year • Industry designs will be competed at the end of the second year (June 2006) and a contractor selected to build the HES suite.

  6. Requirements, Products and Applications • Requirements are specifications that HES-CW and the GOES-R satellite system must meet in order to produce useful data: • Threshold requirements are the minimal performance required to produce useful data. E.g. SNR of 300:1 for ocean radiances. • Goal requirements are the desired performance for improved data coverage and quality. E.g. SNR of 900:1 for ocean radiances. • Products are the data that will be produced by the HES-CW instrument and delivered to NOAA for processing, archiving and distribution. • Current products are at sensor calibrated radiances and a chlorophyll product similar to the MODIS standard product. • Applications are the use that will be made of the products by NOAA and the ocean community • Examples are water quality monitoring and Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) assessment and tracking • Coastal Ocean Science is the use of the data to develop new insights and understanding of the coastal environment and the changes that might be occurring. • Includes NOAA, NASA, Navy and University science • Often leads to new applications

  7. Key Threshold and Goal Requirements

  8. More Requirements • Sampling Frequency: • Threshold requirement is to sample the entire U.S. coastal waters once every three hours • Goal is hourly • Additional sampling for selected regions at higher frequency • Daylight hours only • May be adjusted for cloud cover; use Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) to select cloud free areas for imaging • Simultaneity for imaging spectral channels • Some instrument designs (e.g. filter wheel spectrometer) image channels sequentially • Current requirement is 15 sec based on the simultaneity requirement for ABI which is based on the speed of high altitude clouds; can this be relaxed to 20 or 30 seconds? • Many other requirements for stability, jitter, etc.

  9. HES-CW Products • The primary products are calibrated at sensor radiances for all channels • Either the threshold 14 channels and possibly the additional goal channels • The other required ocean product is chlorophyll by something like the MODIS standard algorithm • Products are geo-located to approximately 1 Ground Sample Distance (GSD) • Methods for on-orbit calibration and validation of products are not clearly defined at this time. • Methods for atmospheric correction are not clearly identified at this time.

  10. NOAA HES-CW Applications • Water quality monitoring • Coastal hazard assessment • Navigation safety • Human and ecosystem health awareness • Natural resource management in coastal and estuarine areas • Climate variability prediction (e.g., carbon cycle) • Landscape changes • Coral reef detection and health appraisal

  11. HES-CW Heritage and Instrument Design Options • Current Ocean Color Imagers • SeaWiFS and MODIS • Algorithms and products • Understanding of SNR and other requirements • Instruments are multiple filter and focal plane designs with scanning mirrors or telescopes • Airborne hyperspectral imagers (Imaging Spectrometers) • AVIRIS – NASA Facility instrument built by JPL • Old complex design that would not work well in space. • JPL now prefers Offner Spectrometer Design • NRL PHILLS Offner Spectrometer Hyperspectal Imager • Fourier Transform Spectrometer • Excellent for High spectral resolution in mid- and long-wave infrared • Not recommended in the visible • Special Event Imager (SEI) Geostationary Imager • Filter Wheel Spectrometer

  12. Special Events Imager (SEI) • Multispectral Visible & NIR Imaging Radiometer • 10 - 12 Bands Within 380 - 1000 nm Window • Pointable telescope • Field of View: 300 km x 300 km • 300 m Pixel Resolution • Seconds imaging per channel to get high SNR 1024 x 1024 FPA ~ 300 km ~ 300 km Mission Objectives • Investigate response of marine and terrestrial ecosystems to short-term changes • Document effect of tidal aliasing of data collected by sun-synchronous sensors • Assess and monitor disasters, severe environmental events, and natural hazards (from Chris Brown)

  13. Hyperspectral Imaging Concept Each pixel contains a continuous spectrum that is used to identify the materials present in the pixel Hyperspectral sensor Key Sensor Parameters: Ground Sample Distance (GSD) Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Spectral Range and Sampling Spectral dimension Along track dimension built up by the motion of the spacecraft Signal Swath width Wavelength In the visible and near-infrared liquids and solids are identified by their spectral absorption and scattering of solar radiation.

  14. Resolving the Complexity of Coastal OpticsRequires Hyperspectral Remote Sensing? Extensive studies using shipboard measurements and airborne hyperspectral imaging have shown that hyperspectral imaging is the only tool available to resolve the complexity of the coastal ocean from space WHEN YOU SEE THE BOTTOM. (Lee and Carder, Appl. Opt., 41(12), 2191 – 2201, 2002.)

  15. Ocean Portable Hyperspectral Imager for Low-Light Spectroscopy (Ocean PHILLS) • PHILLS is a push-broom imager. • f 1.4 high quality lens, color corrected and AR coated for 380 –1000nm. • all reflective spectrograph with a convex grating in an Offner configuration to produce a distortion free image (Headwall Photonics, Fitchburg, MA ). • 1024 x 1024 thinned backside illuminated CCD camera (Pixel Vision, Inc, Beaverton, OR). • Images 1000 pixels cross track and is typically flown at 3000 m altitude yielding 1.5 m GSD and a 1500 m wide sample swath. (C. O. Davis, et al., (2002), Optics Express 10:4, 210--221.)

  16. HyperSpecTM VS-15 Optical design • Advantages: • Only three optical elements • No moving parts • Proven optical design • Disadvantages: • Views one line at a time through a slit • Slit causes lower optical throughput • Requires scanning from geostationary orbit (C. O. Davis, et al., (2002), Optics Express 10:4, 210--221.)

  17. PHILLS data for Great Bay Region (010731 Run15seq03) • The image is 1000 pixels wide and 1024 pixels long. The spatial resolution is 1.8 meters. • The data was processed to Rrs using laboratory calibration data, and the Tafkaa atmospheric correction. • “X” marks the location of spectra shown below. (C. O. Davis, et al., (2002), Optics Express 10:4, 210--221.) X

  18. Next Steps • Evaluate the threshold and goal requirements: • Are the threshold requirements adequate? This may be all we get. • Of the goal requirements which is most important? We need to have a priority list. We will not get all of them. • Instrument designers are looking at the entire HES suite and are concerned about size, weight, power, jitter, etc. • HES may be single instrument; this would severely limit coastal imaging frequency and timing. • The industry teams meet with the NOAA/NASA review team quarterly. Issues may be presented at any time. Industry may ask for relief on requirements, or may ask for priorities for goal requirement, etc. • Requirements are derived from desired products and applications. We need to review, edit and add to the list of applications and science that can be done with HES-CW. • We should consider the entire GOES-R system not just HES-CW • ABI can be used for selecting cloud free areas to image • ABI and HES produce excellent atmospheric data. Can that be used to improve our atmospheric and cloud corrections? • Other Issues?

  19. BACKUP SLIDES

  20. NRL OCF NASA Calibration Round-Robin Results • One can Expect +/- 2% Accuracy From Quality Laboratory Calibrations • We have participated in three NASA round-robins over the past 4 years • (Gerhard et al., NASA Tech. Memo. 2002-210006, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 60p.)

  21. Applications • Naval Requirements for characterization of the littoral battlespace: • - Bathymetry, bottom type, water clarity, hazards to navigation, beach and shore trafficability. • - Hyperspectral imaging is the only way to do this from space. Seagrass beds Sand bars Navigation channel a) Bottom type and b) bathymetry derived from an AVIRIS image of Tampa Bay, FL using automated processing of the hyperspectral data. (Lee, et al., J. Geophys. Research, 106(C6), 11,639-11,651, 2001.)

  22. Tafkaa Atmospheric Correction Including Surface Glint Correction for Ocean Scenes A B C D AVIRIS data were atmospherically corrected using the Tafkaa algorithm for ocean scenes. The data are corrected for skylight reflected off the sea surface and then it is assumed that the water leaving radiance is 0 for wavelengths greater than 1.0 micron. (Gao, et al., Appl. Opt. 39, 887-896, 2000)

  23. The need for High Spatial Resolution in the Near Coastal Ocean SeaWiFS 1 km data PHILLS-2 9 m data mosaic Near-simultaneous data from 5 ships, two moorings, three Aircraft and two satellites collected to address issues of scaling in the coastal zone. (HyCODE LEO-15 Experiment July 31, 2001.) Sand waves in PHILLS-1 1.8 m data Fronts in AVIRIS 20 m data

  24. On-Board Processing With ORASIS • Optical Real-time Adaptive Spectral Identification System (ORASIS) • Parallel, Adaptive Hyperspectral Method for Real-time, Scene Characterization and Data Compression. • Automatically Determines the Fundamental Spectral Signatures (Endmembers) Contained in an Arbitrary Scene Without Need for Training or a-priori Information • Spectrally Demixes Every Scene Pixel Into Its Fundamental Constituents Using Optimal Spectral Filters (Filter Vectors) • Fully Automated With Minimal User Training Required • High Compression (>10x) With Minimal Spectral Signature Degradation to Ease Data Storage and Downlink Requirements • Real-time Spectral Classification and Demixing Allows Real-time Tactical Downlink of End Products Directly From the Spacecraft to the Field • ORASIS has been demonstrated on a breadboard on-board processor for Real-time Data Compression (Requirement >10:1 Compression)

  25. ORASIS Compression of Hyperspectral Data • Real-time compression of spaceborne hyperspectral data possible with moderate on-board processor. • Over 20 organizations using or evaluating ORASIS for a wide range of applications. • POC Dr. Jeff Bowles, (202) 404-1021 Radiance Comparison of an Original and Reconstructed Spectrum for the Cuprite, NV AVIRIS Scene after ORASIS 30:1 compression

  26. SUMMARY: NRL Spiral Development of Products from Hyperspectral Imagery Sensor Development Sensor Calibration Requirements Evaluation Product Algorithm Development Product Evaluation Flight Campaigns ORASIS Spectral Identification Product Extraction Ground / Water Truth Data Processing PURSUIT Pattern Recognition/ Classification TAFKAA Atmospheric Removal Algorithm

  27. Bo-Cai Gao MODIS Team Activities • MODIS has five channels located near 1 mm for remote sensing of water vapor. MODIS also has a narrow channel centered at 1.375 mm for remote sensing of high clouds. • Responsible for the MODIS near-IR water vapor algorithm and the cirrus reflectance algorithm using those channels. • 14 reviewed publications on these topics. Highlight recent results and show the need for cirrus cloud corrections for aerosol and sea surface temperature retrievals.

  28. Water Vapor Image (MODIS + SSMI) MODIS Vapor (7/2002) Vapor (MODIS + SSMI) SSMI Vapor (7/2002) (Gao, B.-C., P. K. Chan, and R.-R. Li, A global water vapor data set obtained by merging the SSMI and MODIS data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 2004 (doi:10.1029/2004GL020656).)

  29. Cirrus Cloud Detection Over Western US

  30. Cirrus Mask For Improving Aerosol Retrievals

  31. SST (MODIS, 01/2003) SST DIFF (MODIS – TMI) SST (TMI, 01/2003) Cirrus Reflectance (01/2003) Chan, P. K., and B.-C. Gao, A comparison of MODIS, NCEP, and TMI sea surface temperature data sets (in press).

  32. Bo-Cai Gao MODIS Summary • Global water vapor and cirrus reflectance products have been derived from MODIS channels in the near-IR spectral region. • By combining the MODIS near-IR water vapor over land and the SSMI water vapor over oceans, we have created an excellent water vapor data set for climate studies. • We believe that many MODIS data products are contaminated by cirrus clouds. Cirrus corrections, just like aerosol corrections, are required in order to improve the quality of most MODIS data products for climate related research.

  33. Imagery Analysis For Hyperion IMAGERY ANALYSIS FOR HYPERION 5 DATA SETS - HYPERION DATA: Chesapeake Bay (19 Feb ’02) Chesapeake Bay ( 6 Sep ’02) Gulf of Maine (27 Aug ’02) Gulf of Mexico (15 Aug ‘02) (Apalachicola Bay, FL) Bahrain (27 Aug ’02) Looe Key, FL (26 Oct ‘02) ANALYSIS INCLUDES: Matching With SeaWIFS Imagery Comparison With In-situ Data From Cruises And Moorings In The Area Qualitative Identification Of Possible Features Application Of Remote Sensing Processing Techniques Quantitative Extraction Of Features And Bathymetry Identification Of Hyperion Issues THE TEAM: Bo-Cai Gao, Marcos Montes, Curt Davis, and Bob Arnone and Ping Lee (NRLSSC)

  34. Gulf of Maine, 27 Aug ‘02 Five of the Data Sets Used in this Study Bahrain 26 Aug ‘02 Chesapeake Bay, 19 Feb ‘02 Chesapeake Bay, 6 Sep ‘02 Apalachicola, FL 15 Aug ‘02

  35. 6 5 6 4 3 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 Rrs comparison (after Tafkaa) (Looe Key Hyperion data) Red : insitu Rrs Green: Hyperion Rrs

  36. Summary – Hyperion 1) Able to estimate in-water spectra from Hyperion spectra ! - This was better than expected! 2) Applied Optimization methods to water spectra to extract water properties, water depth and bottom reflectance - Validation is required. 3) Vicarious calibration techniques were required for to overcome SNR and Sun glint (used coincident SeaWIFS data for cross-calibration) 4) Current Hyperion calibration is inadequate for quantitative ocean applications. 5) Atmospheric Correction methods are critical for quantitative analyses - Several methods used; difficult because of low SNR and calibration issues. 6) The ability to extract ocean products from HYPERION data exceeded expectations indicating the value of having hyperspectral data for the coastal ocean.

  37. New GOES-R Satellite in 2012 • NASA & NOAA are developing GOES-R to be launched in 2012. – Will have a Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) • HES LW is a 3.5 – 12 micron hyperspectral atmospheric sounder and imager – Will provide SST +/- 0.2 deg. C at 4 km GSD • HES-CW is designed specifically for Coastal Waters. – Multispectral or hyperspectral imager covering the 400 – 1000 nm spectral range with SeaWiFS like high SNR (>300:1 for ocean radiances,goal 900:1) -- 300 m Ground Sample Distance (GSD at nadir) with a goal of 150 m. -- Reimage all U. S. coastal waters once every 3 hours with selected regions hourly, with a goal of the entire coastonce every hour. • Two year HES design studies underway at three contractors. – Curt Davis and Mike Corson supporting NASA for these studies.

  38. GOES-R HES-CW Science Goals and Planned Products • HES CW NOAA and NASA Objectives include: • Detecting, monitoring, and predicting noxious and toxic algal blooms; • Initializing and validating coastal circulation models; • Tracking hazardous materials, such as oil spills; • Assessing the geological and biological response to storm and other short-term events; • Monitoring biotic and abiotic material in transient surface features, such as river plumes and tidal fronts. • NRL developing an approach to obtain 3-D current fields from the HES-CW data. • NOAA has formed the Coastal Ocean Applications and Science Team (COAST) to: • Evaluate HES-CW threshold and goal requirements and recommend priorities for the goals • Involve the broader oceanographic community to help NOAA and NASA achieve their objectives for HES-CW • Mark Abbott is the COAST team leader and Curt Davis is the COAST Executive Director.

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