CIOSS/COAST GOES-R Risk Reduction Activities for HES-CW

1. CIOSS/COAST GOES-R Risk Reduction Activities for HES-CW CIOSS: Cooperative Institute for Oceanographic Satellite Studies, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon COAST: Coastal Ocean Applications and Science Team, Mark Abbott Team Leader, Curtiss Davis Executive Director

2. COAST and Risk Reduction Activities • The Coastal Ocean Applications and Science Team (COAST) was created in August 2004 to support NOAA to develop coastal ocean applications for HES-CW: • Mark Abbott, Dean of the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences (COAS) at Oregon State University is the COAST team leader, • COAST activities are managed through the Cooperative Institute for Oceanographic Satellite Studies (CIOSS) a part of COAS, Ted Strub, Director • Curtiss Davis, Senior Research Professor at COAS, is the Executive Director of COAST. • Initial activity to evaluate HES-CW requirements and suggest improvements • Paul Menzel Presented GOES-R Risk Reduction Program at the first COAST meeting in September 2004 and invited COAST to participate. • Curt Davis and Mark Abbott presented proposed activities in Feb. 2005. • CIOSS/COAST invited to become part of GOES-R Risk Reduction Activity beginning in FY 2006. • Proposal Submitted to NOAA Sept 6, 2005

3. Why HES-CW given VIIRS? • Tides, diel winds (such as the land/sea breeze), river runoff, upwelling and storm winds drive coastal currents that can reach several knots. Furthermore, currents driven by diurnal and semi-diurnal tides reverse approximately every 6 hours. • VIIRS daily sampling at the same time cannot resolve tides, diurnal winds, etc. • HES-CW will provide the capability to view coastal waters from a geostationary platform that will provide the management and science community with a unique capability to observe the dynamic coastal ocean environment. • HES-CW will provide higher spatial resolution (300 m vs. 1000 m) • HES-CW will provide additional channels to measure solar stimulated fluorescence, suspended sediments, CDOM and improved atmospheric correction. • HES-CW compliments VIIRS global coverage Example tidal cycle from Charleston, OR. Black arrows VIIRS sampling, red arrows HES-CW sampling. These improvements are critical for the analyses of coastal waters.

4. COAST proposed new HES-CW Channel Specifications

5. Frequency of Sampling and Prioritizing Goal Requirements • Threshold requirement is to sample all Hawaii and Continental U. S. coastal waters once every three hours during daylight • Plus additional hourly sampling of selected areas • Goal requirement is hourly sampling of all U.S. coastal waters is strongly recommended, for cloud clearing and to better resolve coastal ocean dynamics. • Goal requirements compete with each other, e.g. higher spatial resolution makes it harder to increase sampling frequency or SNR. • COAST top priority goals are: • Higher frequency of sampling • Goal channels for atmospheric correction • Hyperspectral instead of multispectral HES-CW built to the threshold requirements will be a dramatic improvement over present capabilities for coastal imaging.

6. Risk Reduction Activities:Principal Roles of Co-Investigators • Curtiss Davis, program management, calibration, atmospheric correction • Mark Abbott, COAST Team Leader • Ricardo Letelier, phytoplankton productivity and chlorophyll fluorescence, data management • Peter Strutton, coastal carbon cycle, Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) • Ted Strub, CIOSS Director, coastal dynamics, links to IOOS COAST Participants: • Bob Arnone, NRL, optical products, calibration, atmospheric correction, data management • Paul Bissett, FERI, optical products, data management • Heidi Dierssen, U. Conn., benthic productivity • Raphael Kudela, UCSC, HABs, IOOS • Steve Lohrenz, USM, suspended sediments, HABs • Oscar Schofield, Rutgers U., product validation, IOOS, coastal models • Heidi Sosik, WHOI, productivity and optics • Ken Voss, U. Miami, calibration, atmospheric correction, optics NOAA/ORA • Menghua Wang, atmospheric correction • Mike Ondrusek, Calibration, MOBY

7. Risk Reduction Activities • Approach to Algorithm Development • Experience with Hyperion and airborne hyperspectral sensors • Field Experiments to collect prototype HES-CW data • Planned Risk Reduction activities: • Calibration and vicarious calibration • Atmospheric correction • Optical properties • Phytoplankton chlorophyll, chlorophyll fluorescence and productivity • Benthic productivity • Coastal carbon budget • Harmful algal blooms • Data access and visualization • Education and public outreach

8. Calibrated radiances at the sensor Raw sensor data Water Leaving Radiances Calibration Atmospheric Correction Optical properties Algorithms In-Water Optical Properties now-cast and forecast models Applications and products Data assimilation into models Product models and algorithms Education and outreach Users HES-CW Data flow and Risk Reduction Activities

9. Approach to Algorithm Development • Directly involve the ocean color community which has extensive algorithm development experience with SeaWiFS and MODIS • NASA funded science teams developed, tested and validated calibration, atmospheric correction and product algorithms • Additional product development and testing funded by U. S. Navy • SeaWiFS procedures and algorithms documented in series of NASA Tech memos and numerous publications • MODIS algorithms documented in Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents (ATBDs) • Algorithms are continuously evaluated and updated; SeaWiFS and MODIS data routinely reprocessed to provide Climate Data Records with latest algorithms • Design program to assure compatibility of HES-CW products with VIIRS • VIIRS algorithms based on MODIS ATBDs • Similar calibration and atmospheric correction approaches • Use the same ocean calibration sites for vicarious calibration • Initial plans and algorithms based on SeaWiFS and MODIS experience modified to fit HES-CW in geostationary orbit. • Advanced algorithms tested and implemented when available. • Early tests planned using airborne hyperspectral data.

10. Proposed Experiments to Collect Simulated HES-CW data (1 of 2) • There are no existing data sets that include all the key attributes of HES-CW data: • Spectral coverage (.4 – 2.4 mm) • High signal-to-noise ratio (>300:1 prefer 900:1, for ocean radiances) • High spatial resolution (<150 m, bin to 300 m) • Hourly or better revisit • Propose field experiments in FY2006-2008 to develop the required data sets for HES-CW algorithm and model development. • Airborne system: • Hyperspectral imager that can be binned to the HES-CW bands • Flown at high altitude for 20 km x 20 km scenes every 30 min • Endurance to collect repeat flight lines every half hour for up to 6 hours • Spectroscopy Aerial Mapping System with On-Board Navigation (SAMSON) Hyperspectral Imager (Florida Environmental Research Inst.) • Propose three experimental sites: • 2006 Monterey Bay (August-September, coastal upwelling, HABs) • 2007 New York/Mid Atlantic Bight (August, river input, urban aerosols) • 2008 Mississippi River Plume (Sediment input, HABs)

11. Proposed Experiments to collect simulated HES-CW data (2 of 2) • Experimental Design • Choose sites with IOOS or other long term monitoring and modeling activities • Intensive effort for 2 weeks to assure that all essential parameters are measured: • Supplement standard measurements at the site with shipboard or mooring measurements of water-leaving radiance, optical properties and products expected from HES-CW algorithms, • Additional atmospheric measurements as needed to validate atmospheric correction parameters, • As needed, enhance modeling efforts to include bio-optical models that will utilize HES-CW data. • Aircraft overflights for at least four clear days and one partially cloudy day (to evaluate cloud clearing) during the two week period. • High altitude to include 90% or more of the atmosphere • 30 min repeat flight lines for up to 6 hours to provide a time series for models and to evaluate changes with time of day (illumination, phytoplankton physiology, etc.) • All data to be processed and then distributed over the Web for all users to test and evaluate algorithms and models.

12. Summary • HES-CW will provide an excellent new tool for the characterization and management of the coastal ocean. • We will build on extensive experience in calibration, atmospheric correction, algorithm development from SeaWiFS and MODIS and continuing with VIIRS to provide the necessary algorithms for HES-CW. • Planned Activities focus on calibration and algorithm development; • Initially utilize existing data sets including SeaWiFS and MODIS, • 2006-2008 field experiments to develop example HES-CW data for • algorithm development and testing, • Coordination with IOOS for in-situ data and coastal ocean models, • Demonstrate terabyte web-based data system. • Initially provide SeaWiFS and MODIS heritage calibration and algorithms; • Calibration approach includes vicarious calibration, • Heritage band-ratio algorithms. • Major focus on developing advanced algorithms that take advantage of HES-CW unique characteristics. • Efforts coordinated with NOAA ORA, NMFS and NOS with a focus on meeting their operational needs.