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Chapter 10. Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase. Classical Greece (800–350). Minoan Society ( @ 2500–1100). Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Phoenicians Minos — legendary king “Center of Mediterranean trade” Wine, olive oil, and wool → grain, textiles, manufactures
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Chapter 10 Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase
Minoan Society (@ 2500–1100) • Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Phoenicians • Minos — legendary king • “Center of Mediterranean trade” • Wine, olive oil, and wool → grain, textiles, manufactures • Knossos — royal dwellings & tax storehouses • Linear A • Natural disasters @ 1700 • Thera (present-day Santorini) • Foreign domination @ 1100
Mycenaean Society (@ 1600–1100) • Indo-European invaders descended through the Balkans • Assimilated with Minoan culture • Linear A → Linear B • Construction: fortresses & stone palaces throughout the Peloponnesus • Major settlement: Mycenae • Military expansion • Crete, Sicily, southern Italy
Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean • Military conflicts • Trojan War (@ 1200) • Various maritime/piratical engagements (@ 1100–800) • Civil disturbances • Result: civil unrest, population decline, emigration
The Polis • Citadel, or fortified state • Independent urban centers • Dominated rural areas • Levied taxes • Political forms • Monarchies • “Tyrannies” — not necessarily oppressive • Early democracies
Sparta • Peloponnesus • Highly militarized and acquisitive society • Expanded during 8th and 7th centuries • Subjugated peoples: helots • Primarily agricultural serfs (not chattel slaves) • In time, outnumbered Spartans 10:1 • Led to increasingly militaristic society
Spartan Society This . . . not this. . . .
Spartan Society • Austere society • Simplicity and frugality • Disdained distinctiveness, except in martial matters • Militaristic education • Boys removed from families at age seven • Rigorous military training / lived in barracks • Active duty until age 30 • Girls also underwent exacting physical regimen • Relaxation of discipline by 4th century
Athens This . . . not this. . . .
Athens • Development of early democracy • Comparatively large political base, but: • Free, adult males only • Foreigners, women, slaves excluded • Athenian society • Maritime trade (7th century) • Increases aristocratic power & class / socio-economic tensions • Small landholders forced into debtor peonage
Solon and Athenian Democracy • 638–558 • Averts civil war • Aristocrats maintain land • Debt forgiveness • Debt slavery banned • Extension of polity • Removal of lineage restrictions • Institution of paid civil service
Pericles • 495–429 • “First citizen of Athens” • General • Naval supremacy • Zenith of Athenian democracy • Popular aristocrat • Infrastructural programs • Cultural development • Science • Philosophy • Literature • Art • Architecture
Greek Colonization (8th century) • Poleis population expansion • Coastal Mediterranean & Black Sea colonies • Imperial government? • Effects: • Commercial expansion • Communication • Language • Culture • Political & social effects
Persian Wars (500–479) • Anatolia • Cyrus and Darius • Ionian coast • Revolt, (500) supported by Athens • Suppressed by Darius (493) • Marathon (490) • Herodotus’ Histories • Darius dies (486) • Xerxes’ (Darius’ son) revenge (480) • Thermopylae • Leonidas’ Spartans’ last stand • Athens burned • Salamis & Attica • Themistocles’ • Xerxes withdraws
The Delian League • Response to the Persian menace • Led by Athens • Sparta refused to join • Superior navy & military • Other poleis contributed financially • Payments fueled Periclean (495-424) expansion • Resentment
The Peloponnesian War • Civil war (431-404) • Athens v. Sparta • Negotiated peace (421) • Syracuse (415) • Athens capitulates unconditionally • Expanded civil strife
Kingdom of Macedon • Frontier region north of Peloponnesus • Semi-autonomous clans • Beneficial trade w/ Greece • King Philip II (r. 359-336) • Greek hostage (368-365) • Powerful military • Consolidated power • Imperial designs • Greece (338) • Assassinated (336) • Pausanias of Orestis
Alexander of Macedon • Expanded military • Brilliant strategist • Inspirational leader • Conquered (330-330) • Ionia, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia • Invaded India (327) • Soldiers weary • Returned (324) • Died (323)
The Hellenistic Empires • Power vacuum • Empire divided thricely • Antigonus: Greece & Macedon • Ptolemy: Egpyt • Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid Empire • Hellenistic Era • Extension of Greek culture • Integrated economies and cultures from Greece to India
The Antigonid Empire • Greek conflict • Political settlement • Tax relief • Local autonomy • Land distribution • Athens • Corinth • Emigration • Seleucid empire
The Ptolemaic Empire • Wealthiest Hellenistic empire • Efficient organization • Agriculture, industry, taxation • Royal monopolies • Textiles, salt, beer • Alexandria • Nile River & Mediterranean • Administrative center • Megalopolis • Cultural center • Alexandrian Museum • Alexandrian Library
The Seleucid Empire • Greek zenith • Mass Greek colonization • Ai Khanum • Exportation of Greek culture • From Anatolia to Bactria
Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin • Limited Greek agriculture • Small grain harvests • Rich in olive and grapes • Commercial economy • Mediterranean Sea • Black Sea • “Trading links” • Manufactures • Spread Greek culture
Panhellenic Festivals • Olympic Games • 776 ? • Olympia • Integrated colonies • Quadrennial for millennium
Patriarchal Society • Infanticide • Women subservient • Priestess • Sparta • Sappho • Poetess • Homosexual double-standard
Slavery • Debtor slavery • Captured soldiers • Slave trade • Scythians (Russia) • Nubians (Egypt / Sudan)
The Greek Language • Adapted Phoenician alphabet • Flexible & complex language • Allowed for abstract communication • Philosophy
Socrates (470–399) • Pivotal philosophic figure • Socratic Method • Reflective questioning • Honor, personal integrity, justice • Plato • Public gadfly (persistent, irritating critic) • Death sentence: immorality and corruption of youth
Plato (430–347) • Student of Socrates • Systematized Socratic thought • Socratic dialogues • Forms, or Ideas • Material world = shadow of the real world • Perception is reality • “Allegory of the cave” • The Republic • Intellectual aristocracy • Philosopher-king
Aristotle (389–322) • Disciple of Plato • Forms, or Ideas = useless constructs • Emphasized empirical findings, reason • “The master of those who know.”
Greek Theology • Polytheistic • Personified supernatural powers • Sun, wind, rain • Mythological stories • Zeus, Apollo, Fortune, Furies • Religious cults • Eleusinian mysteries: morality • Demeter: fertility cult • Dionysus→The Bacchae • Domestication of rituals
Tragic Drama • Evolution from cultic rituals • Major playwrights • Aeschylus • Sophocles • Euripides • Aristophanes
Hellenistic Philosophies • Epicureans • Pleasure, or quite satisfaction • The “greatest good” • Skeptics • Doubted certainty • Stoics • Most respected • Universal family • Duty, virtue, inner peace