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WATER RESOURCES

WATER RESOURCES. Mehmet Özger Civil Engineering Department Hydraulics Lab. Some informations about myself. I usually prefer not to indicate fixed receiving hours. I am usually working in my office and therefore I am willing to receive students any time. Appointments can be fixed by email.

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WATER RESOURCES

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  1. WATER RESOURCES Mehmet Özger Civil Engineering Department Hydraulics Lab.

  2. Some informations about myself I usually prefer not to indicate fixed receiving hours. I am usually working in my office and therefore I am willing to receive students any time. Appointments can be fixed by email. Email: ozgerme@itu.edu.tr Phone: 212 285 3717 Web: http://web.itu.edu.tr/~ozgerme/

  3. Learning Objectives Water Resources Engineering is about solving problems to secure water for people, based on a scientific understanding of hydrologic and hydraulic processes. This includes protection from excess water and from water shortage, as well as providing sufficient water for a sustainable environment. At the end of this class you will: • be aware of water resources issues at local , national and global scale, • be able to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the main processes in the hydrologic cycle, and • be able to provide solutions for typical water resources problems found in practice.

  4. Suggested text book This textbook covers the alltopicsincluded in theclass. Additional textbook

  5. What is Water Resources Engr./Manag.? Figure 1.1.1 (p. 1)Ingredients of water resources management (from Mays, 1996).

  6. Ancient Hydrologic HistoryNile RiverThe longest river in the world(6650 km) Hydrology has been a subject of investigation and engineering for millennia. For example, about 4000 B.C. the Nile was dammed to improve agricultural productivity of previously barren lands. Mesopotamian towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. Aqueducts were built by the Greeks and Ancient Romans, while the History of China shows they built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient Sinhalese used hydrology to build complex irrigation Works in Sri Lanka, also known for invention of the Valve Pit which allowed construction of large reservoirs, anicuts and canals which still function. Loucks and van Beek, 2006

  7. Major Reservoirs of Water [does not add to 100% due to rounding, numbers differ slightly depending on study used]

  8. The water resources are composed of all • Surface water potential (rivers, lakes, …) • Underground water potential (groundwater…)

  9. Water resources system • It is a system that control, utilize and manage water in an efficient manner What are the systems: • Dams • Water supply systems • Waster water collection systems • Treatment plants • Flood mitigation

  10. Therearetwosignificantfactorsforwaterpollution • Growingpopulation • Advancement in technology

  11. Hydropolitics • Transboundry rivers of Turkey • Euphrates (Fırat) • Tigris (Dicle) • Çoruh • Meriç

  12. Fertile crescent

  13. E-T riverbasin • Headwaters are located in Turkey • Turkey contributes nearly %60 of streamflow • Turkey promises daily 500m3/s water for all seasons. • Turkey regulatesthe flows

  14. Floods Damage survey in St. Genevieve, Missouri, during the 1993 Midwest floods [courtesy of FEMA]. Floods cause extensive damage: “during 1991-1995, flood related damage totaled more than US$200 billion (not inflation adjusted) globally, representing close to 40% of all economic damage attributed to natural disasters in the period -- (Pielke Jr. and Downton, 2000, citing IFRCRCS, 1997). In the United States, annual flood damage runs in the billions of dollars (Pielke Jr. and Downton, 2000). Improved prediction of floods could reduce these costs substantially, in addition to reducing flood-induced loss of life.

  15. Droughts

  16. Characteristics of water resources projects • Uniqueness • Uncertainty • Socio-economic aspects • Forecasting (energy demand forecasting) • Irreversibility • Economy of scale

  17. Problemsface us: • Growingpopulation in developingcountries • Uncertainimpacts of climatechange • Conflictsoversharedfrehwaterresources • Thinning of ozonelayer • Destruction of rainforest • Threatstowetlands, farmlandsandotherrenewablesources

  18. Waterresourcesdevelopment in Turkey

  19. Completion and renewal of water supply and waste water collection systems • Watershed management • Development of flood mitigation facilities • Searching for navigational facilities

  20. Organizations responsible for water • Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs • State hydraulicworks (DSİ) • Watermanagementdirectorate general • State meteorological organization (DMİ)

  21. Ongoingbigprojects in Turkey • Water transfer to North Cyprus • Deriner Dam

  22. Water transfer to North Cyprus

  23. expected to cost at least 1 billion Turkish liras, or $550 million, • using an experimental technology: a pipeline in the Mediterranean Sea. • But environmental experts question the sustainability of transferring water out of its natural basin, • The project calls for Turkey to transfer 75 million cubic metersof water a year to Northern Cyprus.

  24. DerinerDam

  25. is a concrete double-curved arch dam on the Çoruh River • Highest 6th dam alloverthe World • Capacity: 670 MW

  26. İzmit bay bridge

  27. Total length: 2800mMain span: 1500mHeight of pylons: 230m

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