Hierarchy of structure in Animals

1. Hierarchy of structure in Animals

2. Connective Tissue • Supports, binds and connects other tissues • Examples include: • Tendon (connect muscles to bones) • Ligaments (connect bones to bones) • Bones • Cartilage • Fat or Adipose • Blood • Plasma • pale coloured liquid containing dissolved substances • Red blood cells • contain hemoglobin to help it deliver oxygen from lungs to the body • White blood cells • protect the body from bacteria and viruses • Platelets • help in blood clotting

3. Epithelial Tissue • Contains sheets of tightly packed cells • Found outside the body and lines body cavity • Acts as a barrier to protect internal structures • Two types of epithelial tissue: • Covering and Lining epithelium • covers the outside surfaces of the body and lines internal organs • Glandular epithelium • forms glands that secrete hormones, enzymes and sweat

4. Muscle Tissue • Individual cells are long and capable of considerable elongation / contraction • Three types: • Skeletal muscles • Movement of limbs • Voluntary muscles • Individual cell called a fibre • Multinucleated (each cell has more than 1 nucleus) • Smooth muscles • Found in walls of organs like blood vessels, digestive tract, bladder • Involuntary muscles • One nucleus per cell • Cardiac muscles • Found in heart only • Involuntary muscle • One nucleus per cell

5. Nervous Tissue • Made up of nerve cells called neurons • Non-regenerating (cannot re-form) • Receives impulses from inside or outside the body and transmits them through out the body • Uses electrochemical signals to carry out its functions

6. Animal Organ Systems • Tissues unite to form organs • Organs unite to form organ systems Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Excretory (Urinary) Integumentary Lymphatic (Immune) Muscular Nervous Reproductive Respiratory Skeletal

7. Circulatory System • Functions • Moves oxygen from the lungs to all the body cells • Moves carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs • Moves nutrients from the small intestine to the body cells • Moves waste materials from the body cells to the kidneys and skin • Major Structures • Heart • – the pump • 2. Blood • – fluid in which materials are transported • 3. Blood Vessels • – tubes to carry the blood

8. The Heart • Composed of cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue and connective tissue • Frequency of heart beat depends on your physical activity level and other factors (stress, general health, etc) • Did you know… • Your circulatory system is about 60,000 miles long • Your heart beats more than 2.5 billion times in the average lifetime • the human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to squirt blood 30 feet.

9. The heart is a muscular pump that supplies blood to all parts of the body. The heart is divided into four chambers: the left and right atrium, and the left and rightventricles. The artia collect blood from the body and the ventricles send blood to the body. Deoxygenated blood return to the right side of the heart from the lower extremities via the inferior vena cava and from the upper via the superior vena cava. The right side of the heart is responsible for collecting deoxygenated blood from the body and sending it to the lungs. The left side of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta.

10. The Blood • Blood is a type of connective tissue that circulates through your body, it consists of 4 components: • Red Blood Cells (RBC) • White Blood Cells (WBC) • Platelets • Plasma • Did you know… • - It takes about 20 seconds for a RBC to circulate the entire body

11. The Vessels • There are 3 types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries • Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Because the heart generates a lot of pressure when pumping blood through the body the walls of the arteries are thicker than the other vessels • Veins carry blood toward the heart. • arteries and veins are linked together by capillaries • Capillaries is where the gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the lungs diffuses from the blood to the surrounding tissues and CO2 and other wastes pass from the body to the blood to be carried out for disposal

12. Arteries are commonly defined as carriers of oxygenated blood and veins as carriers of deoxygenated blood. This does not always hold true. The pulmonary arteriescarry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs The pulmonary veinscarryoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Amore accurate definition for an artery and vein is: arteries carry blood away from the heart andveinscarry blood towards the heart.

13. Digestive System • Functions • Extracts and absorbs nutrients from food • Removes wastes • Maintains water and chemical balances • Major Structures • Mouth • Throat • Esophagus • Stomach • Liver • Gallbladder • Pancreas • Small intestine • Large intestine

14. Digestion Mechanical digestionoccur when your teeth rip, tear and grind the food Chemical digestion occurs when the food is mixed with saliva produced by the salivary glands. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the chemical digestions of carbohydrates. The mechanical and chemical digestion of the food results in the formation of bolus.

15. Once you swallow, food travel down your esophagus. The food then enters the stomach passing through the cardiac sphincter. In the stomach the food is broken down further through mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion is aided by stomach muscles and chemical digestion by hydrochloric acid and enzymes, which initiate protein digestion. The contents of the stomach is liquefied into a pasty substance known as chyme.

16. Once broken down, the chyme passes through the pyloric sphincter into the S.I. • by the process of wave like contractions known as peristalsis. • The majority of digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestines. • From the small intestines the food passes into the large intestines where a large • amount of water is reabsorb by the body. • The remaining unabsorbed material known as feces or stool passes through the • rectum and exits the body through the anus.