1770s-1860s

1. 1770s-1860s DBQ Essay # 1 DUE TODAY !!!

2. “Republican Motherhod” • concept that arose during and after the American Revolution in the 13 colonies (later, the United States of America) • developed between 1760 and 1800 but extended well into the 19th century • As the principles of republicanism rose in importance to the rebelling colonists, • the idea that women needed to clearly understand and embrace these values, so that they could be transmitted to their children at a young age and help secure their central position in the minds and hearts of Americans was promoted • Important advocates included • Abigail Adams • remember the ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation. • Judith Sargent Murray • (1751-1820) was an United States feminist, essayist, playwright, poet, and letter-writer • one of the first American proponents of the idea of equality of the sexes; that women had the capability for intellectual accomplishment and economic independence just as much as men.

3. The Cult of Domesticityor Cult of True Womanhood • named such by its detractors, hence the pejorative use of the word "cult" • a prevailing view among middle and upper class white women during the nineteenth century, in the United States • The women who abided by these standards were generally literate, and lived in the north east, particularly New York and Massachusetts. • Women were put in the center of the domestic sphere expected to • Be calm and nurturing mother, • be a loving and faithful wife, • Be passive and delicate creature. • Be pious and religious, teaching those around them by their Christian beliefs. • unfailingly inspire and support their husbands.

4. The Cult of Domesticityor Cult of True Womanhood • True Women were to hold the four cardinal virtues: • 1. Piety - Woman were believed to be more religious and spiritual than men • 2. Purity - In heart, mind, and body • 3. Submission - Women were held in "perpetual childhood" where the man dictates all actions and decisions • 4. Domesticity - The Industrial Revolution created a division between work and home. Home became the female domain where she was to make a "haven in a heartless world" for her husband • The Cult of Domesticity identified the home as the "separate, proper sphere" for women, who were seen as better suited to parenting

5. The Struggle for Women’s Suffrage http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawstime.html

6. 1840s-1890s FRQ ESSAY #2 on Women’s History DUE: Nov. 26 (Monday)

7. 1848 : Seneca Falls Convention • organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott • After they had been told to sit in the balcony at a London anti slavery meeting they met and wrote • The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions • Similar to the US Declaration of Independence • Marked the birth of the Women’s movement

8. 1868 • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony launch • feminist newspaper = The Revolution

9. 1870 : Women’s Movement Split • Over differences regarding the 15th Amendment • NWSA – hardliners who insisted that women be included in the 15th Amendment • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony form the more radical, New York-based National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). • AWSA – moderates who were willing to wait • Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and Julia Ward Howe organize the more conservative American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), based in Boston.

10. 1872 : Victoria Woodhull • First woman to run for President • Running mate – Frederick Douglass • Famous Thomas Nast cartoon depicted her as “Mrs.Satan” • Read brief article • “The press depicted her as ‘Mrs Satan’ and ‘The Prostitute who Ran for President’. But, in truth, she was woman who lived a century before her time.” – Barbara Goldsmith • Assess the validity of this statement

11. 1872 • Susan B. Anthony is arrested in Rochester, New York, for attempting to vote. • Sojourner Truth appears at a polling booth in Grand Rapids, Michigan, demanding a ballot; she is turned away.

12. 1873: U.S. vs. Susan B. Anthony • Arrested for voting for President • Believed the 14th Amendment gave her the right to vote • Read Primary Source Document: The United States of American v. Susan B. Anthony • Read brief biographical article

13. 1878 • A Woman Suffrage Amendment is introduced in the United States Congress. • The wording is unchanged in 1919, when the amendment finally passes both houses.

14. Free Response Question (FRQ) • From the 1840’s through the 1890’s, women’s activities in the intellectual ,social , economic, and political spheres effectively challenged traditional attitudes about women’s place in society . Assess the validity of this statement.

15. Brainstorm • Intellectual / Social / Economic / Political • Traditional attitudes vs. New attitudes • Activities that challenged traditional attitudes • Level of effectiveness of the challenges

16. Review these sections of your textbook • Pre-Civil War (pages 334-335; 420) • Grimke Sisters • Sojourner Truth • Women in the Progressive Era (pages 578-579) • Jane Addams • WCTU – Francis Willard (pages 592-593) • Use Index “Women”

17. People: Lucy Larcom Mary Lyon Lucretia Mott Carry Nation Annie Oakley Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe Grimke Sisters Elizabeth Cady Stanton Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Lillian Wald Emma Willard Francis Willard Add to Brainstorm provided:

18. Other: Godey’s Lady’s Book 19th Amendment WCTU Women’s higher Education Mt. Holyoke Oberlin Suffrage abolition Western women/rural women Anthony Amendment 1869-AWSA/NWSA 1890 – NAWSA Civil War Property acts, divorce, family size Seneca Falls Convention Cult of domesticity Add to Brainstorm provided:

19. Do this w/ 20s Ch 21br E. Crusades for Order and Reform • The Temperance Crusade a. Frances Willard (34) b. WCTU (35) c. Anti-Saloon League (36) d. Eighteenth Amendment (37)

20. DO THIS WITH 20S UNIT CHAPTER 21 BR B. Women and Reform • The “New Woman” Progressivism supported many reforms advocated by feminists 2. The Clubwomen a. Women’s Trade Union League (14) b. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (15) 3. Woman Suffrage a. Anna Howard Shaw (16) b. Carrie Chapman Catt (17) c. Nineteenth Amendment (18) d. Equal Rights Amendment (19) e. Florence Kelley (20)

21. 1890-1925 DBQ on women 1890-1925 DUE : November 30 (Friday)

22. 1890: National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) formed • Two wings of the women’s movement reunited • The NWSA and the AWSA are reunited as the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • under the leadership of Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Presidents • 1st – Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1890) • 2nd – Susan B. Anthony (?- 1900) • 3rd – Carrie Chapman Catt (1900-1904) • 4th – Dr. Anna Shaw (1904) • 5th – Carrie Chapman Catt (1915)

23. 1890 • Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr found Hull House, a settlement house project in Chicago's 19th Ward. • Within one year, there are more than a hundred settlement houses--largely operated by women--throughout the United States. • The settlement house movement and the Progressive campaign of which it was a part propelled thousands of college-educated white women and a number of women of color into lifetime careers in social work. • made women an important voice to be reckoned with in American.

24. 1895 • Elizabeth Cady Stanton publishes The Woman's Bible. • After its publication, NAWSA moves to distance itself from this venerable suffrage pioneer because many conservative suffragists considered her to be too radical and, thus, potentially damaging to the suffrage campaign. • From this time, Stanton--who had resigned as NAWSA president in 1892--was no longer invited to sit on the stage at NAWSA conventions. • 1902 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton dies • 1906 – Susan B. Anthony dies

25. 1911 • The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS) is organized. • Led by Mrs. Arthur Dodge • members included • wealthy, influential women • some Catholic clergymen--including Cardinal Gibbons. READ – DOC on women against women voting

26. 1912 • Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party (“Bull Moose” Party) • the first national political party to support suffrage for women

27. 1913 • Alice Paul • Radical suffrage leader • Quaker , Ph.D., took part in British suffrage movement, joined NAWSA • Organized (w/ Lucy Burns) a major suffrage parade in Washington, D.C. with over 5,000 women attending. • The mistreatment of the marchers by the crowd and the police led to a great public outcry • the event was a media coup for the suffragists

28. 1916 • Carrie Chapman Catt • Developed a program called “the Winning Plan” (1916) which involved • Lobbying states for laws giving women the right to vote • Emphasized efforts to gain suffrage in a state-by-state fashion. • Lobbying Congress for a Constitutional Amendment • The first state to grant women the right to vote was Wyoming (1869) • Do Women’s suffrage Map • Read brief biographical article

29. 1916 • Alice Paul • splits with NAWSA • founds the National Woman's Party (NWP) • GOAL = win a national suffrage amendment • STRATEGY = • targeting Congress and the White House • Campaigned ag. Pres.Wilson & Democratic Party for not supporting the Suffrage Amendment • sustained, dramatic, nonviolent protest = civil disobedience = arrests • Parades, picketing, hunger strikes

30. 1917 • Alice Paul and the NWP stage daily pickets at the White House in civil disobedience campaign until Wilson announced his support for suffrage • Called themselves the Silent Sentinels • protested holding banners such as "Mr. President—What will you do for woman suffrage?" "Absolutely nothing." • many women are arrested

31. 1918 to 1920 • The Great War (World War I) intervenes to slow down the suffrage campaign as some--but not all--suffragists decide to shelve their suffrage activism in favor of "war work." • Alice Paul and the NWP stage daily pickets and many women are arrested at the White House.

32. Judge Mullowney had earlier consulted the U.S. Attorney about the possibility of trying the women under the Espionage Act of 1917. • The women's banners, Mullowney said, the banners contained "words … [that] are treasonous and seditious." • banners contained what they considered ironic quotations of President Wilson's own speeches, • such as a line from his War Message Speech of April 2: • "WE SHALL FIGHT FOR THE THINGS WHICH WE HAVE ALWAYS HELD NEAREST OUR HEARTS—FOR DEMOCRACY, FOR THE RIGHT OF THOSE WHO SUBMIT TO AUTHORITY TO HAVE A VOICE IN THEIR OWN GOVERNMENTS." • Since the president's own words could not feasibly be brought up under the Espionage Act • and because picketing was legal in the United States • the women were charged with the by-now expected "crime" of obstructing traffic. • All 16 women were sentenced to 60 days in the Occoquan Workhouse.

33. The Trials of Alice Paul and Other National Woman's Party Members: 1917 • almost 500 suffragists were arrested during their picketing of the White House; • 168, including National Woman's Party Chairperson Alice Paul, were tried, convicted, and imprisoned for terms of up to seven months, for blocking traffic on a sidewalk. • The women became the first U.S. citizens to claim that their government held them as political prisoners.

34. Lucy Burns • one of the first women arrested and released on June 22, had been arrested again in September and convicted; • in Occoquan Workhouse Burns organized the other incarcerated suffragists to request political prisoner status. • Their petition was smuggled to the commissioners of the District of Columbia. • Each of the signers was immediately placed in solitary confinement.

35. Video Clip – Iron Jawed Angels • MOVIE • Iron Jawed Angels • BOOK (historical source for the movie) • Founding Sisters & the 19th Amendment by Eleanor Clift

36. Jeanette Rankin • First woman elected to Congress from Montana (1916) • Results of the “Winning Plan” and the efforts of suffragists like Alice Paul • Proposed a constitutional amendment , as a member of Congress, granting women’s suffrage • Results in the passage of the 19th Amendment • Giving women the national right to vote

37. The 19th Amendment • Change to U.S. Constitution • Guaranteed women right to vote • Ratified in 1920 • 1918= Pres.Wilson agreed to push for suffrage amendment • Pressured by NWP’s & NAWASA’s efforts • Years of lobbying and public demonstrations • And women’s war contributions (selling war bonds, working in factories , serving as nurses • After Congress approved • suffragists campaigned in each state to win ratification

38. Women’s Liberation Birth Control & Margaret Sanger

39. 1859 • Vulcanization of rubber provides women with reliable condoms for the first time in history. • The birth rate in the United States continues its century-long downward spiral. • By the late 1900s, women will raise an average of only two to three children, in contrast to the five or six children they raised at the beginning of the century

40. Women – cultural changes • Margaret Sanger • advocate of birth control • believed • overpopulation was a major problem • the benefits of “voluntary motherhood” included: adequate care for the children; women more mentally and spiritually alive & physically fit for motherhood; Children who are desired instead of children who are unwanted • Read/Discuss Primary Source Document : The Right to One’s Body • Sigmund Freud • Theories used to justify new sexual frankness

41. League of Women Voters • Organized by Catt in 1920 • Its victory accomplished, NAWSA ceases to exist, but its organization becomes the nucleus of the League of Women Voter • Formed to replace the NAWSA • Social Feminists • Lobbied for • Food and drug legislation • Prohibition of child labor • Birth control • Anti-lynching bills • Compulsory school attendance • Mothers’ pensions • Government efficiency • Repression of vice

42. 1923 • Alice Paul & the NWP • campaigned for an Equal Rights Amendment ( suffrage not enough ) • Equalitarian feminists • Celebrity Supporters of Alice Paul • Gloria Swanson • Amelia Earhart • Edna St. Vincent Millay • Mrs. William Randolph Hearst • The National Woman's Party first proposes the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender. • It has never been ratified.

43. Equalitarian vs. Social Feminist Debate • Muller v. Oregon (1908 ) • Supreme Court ruled in favor of “protective legislation” for women workers • Supported by women of the Progressive Era who focused more on protecting women and children than on granting equality • Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 • provided federal funds to states to establish prenatal and child health programs • Traditional feminist goal of securing “protective” legislation for women • Opposed by some radical feminists • Alice Paul – complained it classified all women as mothers • Margaret Sanger- complained that new programs like this would discourage birth control efforts • Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923) • Supreme Court overturned Muller • Women are legal equals of men due to the 19th Amendment • Could no longer be protected by special legislation • The Debate continued : • Are women • sufficiently different from men that they merit special legal and social treatment • undeserving of special protections and preferences

44. Women – economic changes • Job opportunities for women in the 1920’s tended to cluster in a few low paying fields ; “pink collar” • 1920’s working women • most were employed as nonprofessional workers • most remained highly dependent on men • many adopted the “flapper “ lifestyle

45. Women – cultural changes • Effects • women experiencing increasing vulnerability to frustration , unhappiness and divorce • the national divorce rate climbed dramatically • birth control devices were legalized in all states, and abortion was legalized in some states