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Migration & Industrialization 1860s-1900

Migration & Industrialization 1860s-1900. Chapter 13, 14, 15. Great Plains Indians. 13.1. Osage. Sioux. Cheyenne. Iowa. Great Plains Indians. 13.1. 1800:Hunters dependent on wildlife… buffalo Used all parts of the buffalo 1885: 1,000 buffalo remain. Why Americans push west. 13.1.

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Migration & Industrialization 1860s-1900

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  1. Migration & Industrialization1860s-1900 Chapter 13, 14, 15

  2. Great Plains Indians 13.1 Osage Sioux Cheyenne Iowa

  3. Great Plains Indians 13.1 1800:Hunters dependent on wildlife… buffalo • Used all parts of the buffalo • 1885: 1,000 buffalo remain

  4. Why Americans push west 13.1 How did the following events push Americans west? • 1840s: Manifest Destiny • 1850s: Gold and silver rush • 1862: Homestead Act: • Gov’t offers 160 acres if: • Pay $30 • Work the land for 5 years • 1869: Transcontinental railroad

  5. 13.1

  6. Attempted peace w/ Indians 13.1 • 1830s-1850s: Gov’t makes treaties with natives that lead to reservations • 1879: Schools to Americanize the Native American children develop • Creates internal conflict in children • 1887: Dawes Act…forced Natives to assimilate by breaking up the reservations

  7. 1868-1890 Indian wars 13.1 • 1864: Colorado militia massacre 200+ women and children at Sand Creek, CO • 1866: 81 soldiers & settlers killed in Fetterman Massacre • 1874: Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse destroy Custer’s command at Little Big Horn • 1890: Sitting Bull is killed while being arrested; 300 unarmed Native Americans were killed at the Battle of Wounded Knee

  8. Homesteader Problems 13.4 1860s-1870s • Deflation • increased value of the dollar; decreased price of goods…farmers lost money • High costs of transportation of goods • Farmers in financial crisis

  9. The Grange 13.4 1860s-1880s • Organization seeking to help the farmers • Called for: • Make money “cheaper” (inflation) to make prices of crops rise and debts easier to pay • Government regulation of railroad industry • Leads to the political Populist movement in 1890s

  10. Populist movement 13.4 Goals: • Inflation • Increased income tax for higher incomes • 8-hour work day • Direct election of U.S. Senators • Term limits for U.S. President • Result: won many elections in 1892; ideas become part of Democratic party

  11. Panic of 1893 13.4 1893 • Economic depression because people were overextended on loans • Leads to an increase in populism • Increased call for bimetallism (basing money on both gold and silver)…why? More metal=more money=high prices=richer farmers

  12. End of Populism 13.4 1896 • Populists join with Democrats; favor inflation & bimetallism • Nominate William Jennings Bryan • Republicans nominate William McKinley • Republicans win because: • East Coast & Cities (higher population) oppose populist ideas…why?

  13. Big Business (1870-1900) 14.3 Fueled by: • A rise in the mining; steel; and railroad industries • Social Darwinism • Unregulated competition ensures the survival of the fittest • New American work ethic: • “Rags to riches”

  14. Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) 14.3 • Scottish immigrant; found Carnegie steel in 1889 • Secret to Success: • Always looked for new techniques to improve products • Hire the best employees • Vertical integration: • buy out suppliers • Horizontal consolidation: • buy out competition

  15. Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) 14.3 • Sold his company for $480 million • Became a philanthropist • gave away over $350 million

  16. Consolidating business 14.3 • Companies often formed: • An Oligopoly…ex? John D. Rockefeller and the robber barons • A Monopoly…J.P. Morgan and U.S. steel

  17. 1870: Founded the Standard Oil Company 1890: Controlled 90% of the oil business Offered lower prices to drive out competition Raised prices after competition quit 1911: Forced to break up the company because it was a monopoly Became a philanthropist gave away over $500 million John D. Rockefeller 14.3

  18. 1890: Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act Any attempt to interfere with free trade by forming a trust would be illegal Made monopolies illegal Difficult to enforce…trust was to vague Sherman Anti-Trust Act 14.3

  19. Impact of big business on society 14.4 • Urbanization • 1850: 3.5 million in urban areas • 1900: 30.2 million in urban areas • People had to live in small cramped apartments (tenements) • Often with little running water, no sanitation • Poor housing led to an increase in disease

  20. Baltimore 1850

  21. Baltimore 1910

  22. Impact of big business on society 14.4 • Poor working conditions…16 hour shifts & little pay • Dangerous machines that caused injury or death • Toxic materials caused many diseases • Women & children were excellent employees

  23. 14.4 Rise of Unions 14.4 1866: • National Labor Union (NLU) becomes first national organized union • CNLU forms as a branch of NLU for African-Americans 1868: • NLU gets Congress to regulate an 8-hr work day 1886: • Samuel Gompers helps to form the American Federation of Labor (AFL)

  24. 14.4 Rise of Unions 14.4 1894 • Eugene V. Debs helps to create the American Railway Union (ARU) 1903 • Teamsters formed as a craft union dedicated to delivery drivers 1905 • Industrial Workers of the World formed but failed because of its association with Socialism

  25. The Power of unions 14.4 • Membership • 1875: less than 1000 in American Unions • 1905: more than 2 million in American Unions • Arbitration and strikes were used to solve disagreements between employers and employees • Famous strikes: Great Strike of 1877 Homestead Strike Pullman Strike

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