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BIOL 4120: Principles of Ecology Lecture 11: Species Interaction

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BIOL 4120: Principles of Ecology Lecture 11: Species Interaction

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    1. BIOL 4120: Principles of Ecology Lecture 11: Species Interaction Dafeng Hui Office: Harned Hall 320 Phone: 963-5777 Email: dhui@tnstate.edu Population size change not only regulated by resources, by also by the interaction of species.Population size change not only regulated by resources, by also by the interaction of species.

    3. Species interactions Similar to intraspecific competition, some different species also share the same common resources Competition in different formsSimilar to intraspecific competition, some different species also share the same common resources Competition in different forms

    4. Topics (Chapter 14) 11.1 All organisms are involved in consumer-resource interactions 11.2 Dynamics of consumer-resource interactions reflect mutual evolutionary responses 11.3 Parasites maintain a delicate consumer-resource relationship with their hosts 11.4 Herbivory varies the the quality of plants as resources 11.5 Competition may be an indirect results of other types of interactions 11.6 Individuals of different species can collaborate in mutualistic interactions

    5. 11. 1 All organisms are involved in consumer-resource interactions

    6. Predation Consumption of all or part of one living organisms by another Serve as energy transfer; Predators are agents of mortality and feed on organisms Carnivory Direct taking of animal prey for immediate consumption Hawk or an owl taking a mouse Decrease prey population, gain nutrition to support reproduction. Parasitism Predator lives in or on a host and consumes, consumers part of a living host, but does not usually kill the host Ticks on mammals Parasites that can cause disease symptoms: pathogens Parasitoidism Predator lives in or on a host and eventually kills to provide a food source Parasitic wasps Herbivory Consumption of whole or parts of plant material Consumption of nuts and seeds (predator) or leaves of plants (parasite) Grazing (when apply to grasses and herbaceous vegetation) or browsing (wood vegetation) Carnivory: true predator; Cannibalism Predation on same species (a special form) Tadpoles in a pond Carnivory: true predator; Cannibalism Predation on same species (a special form) Tadpoles in a pond

    8. Boomnardier beetle sprays a noxious liquid at the temperature of boiling water toward a predator.Boomnardier beetle sprays a noxious liquid at the temperature of boiling water toward a predator.

    10. Boomnardier beetle sprays a noxious liquid at the temperature of boiling water toward a predator.Boomnardier beetle sprays a noxious liquid at the temperature of boiling water toward a predator.

    11. Hosts are the habitats for parasites Depends on the places: Ectoparasites: live on the skin within the protective cover of feathers and hair Endoparasites: live within the host Examples: Fleas, ticks, are ectoparasites Live flukes, lung flukes, flatworms, are endoparasites

    13. Virulence: a measure of the capacity of a parasite to invade host tissues and proliferate in them Balance between parasite and host populations is influenced by the virulence of the parasite and the immune response and other defenses of the host. Virulence can be reduced by actions of the hosts immune system, including inflammation responses and production of antibodies. Inflammation response (produce certain chemical, increase flood flow) Immune response. White cells produce anti-body: bind to foreign proteins, helping counter effects.

    14. Boomnardier beetle sprays a noxious liquid at the temperature of boiling water toward a predator.Boomnardier beetle sprays a noxious liquid at the temperature of boiling water toward a predator.

    15. Phenol: C6H5OH (carbolic acid) Phenol: C6H5OH (carbolic acid)

    19. 11.5 Competition may be an indirect result of other types of interactions Direction interaction: direct relationships between two species Consumer (+) ? resource (-) Indirection interaction: Ex1.: predator (+) ? herbivore (-) ? plant (+) Multiple trophic levels in a food web, trophic cascade Ex.2: Consumer 1 (+) ? resource (-) ? consumer 2(+) seems like consumer 1 (-) ?? consumer 2(-) Exploitation competition; indirect competition Resource are recource species. Not food etc. Resource are recource species. Not food etc.

    21. 11.6 Individuals of different species can collaborate in mutualistic interactions Mutualism: interaction benefits both species involved honeybee and plants (plants provide honeybee with nectar, bees carry pollen between plants) Can be symbiosis: lichens (algae and fungi) or non-symbiosis: seed dispersal (birds and plants) Could involve more species Humans extract honeycombs (for honey) Birds eat the wax left behind Bacteria in the guts to digest the wax Three categories Trophic, defensive and dispersal mutualisms Trophic mutualisms: feeding relationship, bacteria in rumens of cows Geospiza fortis and G. fuliginosa: medium and small ground finch Geospiza fortis and G. fuliginosa: medium and small ground finch

    23. Birds and mistletoe

    25. End

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