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Species Interaction. Questions for Today:. What are the five ways species interact with each other? How does competition effect species interactions? Describe Predator-Prey Relationships and how those relationships creates a coevolution event?
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Questions for Today: • What are the five ways species interact with each other? • How does competition effect species interactions? • Describe Predator-Prey Relationships and how those relationships creates a coevolution event? • What are three types of symbioses found in nature?
Species Interact in Five Ways • There are five basic types of species interactions: • Interspecific Competition • Predation • Parasitism • Mutualism • Commensalism • These interactions help influence survival techniques which make them agents of Natural Selection.
Competition • The most common interaction between species is competition. • One species will eventually become more efficient in acquiring resources and food. • When two species compete for food in the same niche, their niches overlap • Remember only one species can occupy a niche at a time. • Competitive exclusion principle. • What are the possible responses to niche overlap?
Predation • All organisms need food to survive • Plants make their own • All other must eat • Predation is the interaction between a feeder (predator) and what it eats (prey). • Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores are all predators.
Predators • Predator have two primary ways of capturing prey. • Pursuit and ambush • Most predator have developed adaptations in either of these two areas. • Cheetahs - speed • Snowy Owl – camouflage • Some predators use chemical warfare to paralyze it’s enemy.
Prey • In answer to the Predator, many prey species have developed ways to defend themselves. • Physical barriers and strengths • Spines, shells, thick bark • Faster escape and strong senses • Camouflage • Cuttlefish • Chemical Warfare • Poisonous to eat or create poison that they excrete when aggravated. • Taste Bad
Prey • Good rule of thumb • If it is small and strikingly beautiful, it’s poisonous • If it is strikingly beautiful and easy to catch, it’s DEADLY • Other prey species use behavioral strategies to evade predators. • Mimicry
(a) Span worm (b) Wandering leaf insect (c) Bombardier beetle (d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly (f) Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly (e) Poison dart frog (g) Hind wings of Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. (h) When touched, snake caterpillar changes shape to look like head of snake. Fig. 5-2, p. 103
Benefit of Predator-Prey Relationships • Predation plays a major role in Natural Selection • Predators weed out the weak, sick, and dying species. • Increases biodiversity • Help keep grazing animals down and preserve the balance of an ecosystem.
Coevolution and Pred. v. Prey Relationships • Coevolution is when two organisms evolve due to pressures exerted from each other. • It’s like an evolutionary arms race • Constant struggle for survival create harder prey to catch and stronger predators to catch them.
Symbiosis • Symbiosis are when two species live together in some form. • Three Types of Sybiosis: • Parasitism • Commensalism • Mutualism
Parasitism • Parasitism occurs when one species (the parasite) feeds on the body of, or the energy used by, another organism (the host), usually by living on or in the host. • Common Characteristics of Parasites: • Smaller than the host • Rarely Kill the Host • Live directly on or in the Host
Parasitism: Tree with Parasitic Mistletoe, Trout with Blood-Sucking Sea Lampreys
Commensalism • Commensalism is when two species interact where one species benefits and the other is not harmed or benefits lightly.
Commensalism: Bromiliad Roots on Tree Trunk Without Harming Tree
Mutualism • An Interaction where two species benefit from living together. • Nutrition • Protection • Hygiene • Health
Mutualism: Oxpeckers Clean Rhinoceros; Anemones Protect and Feed Clownfish
