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Seasonal variation of bioluminescence in the Mediterranean Sea

Seasonal variation of bioluminescence in the Mediterranean Sea. Jessica Craig, Alan Jamieson, Phil Bagley & Monty Priede Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK www.oceanlab.abdn.ac.uk. Talk outline. Bioluminescent sources (BL). Measurement technique.

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Seasonal variation of bioluminescence in the Mediterranean Sea

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  1. Seasonal variationof bioluminescence in the Mediterranean Sea Jessica Craig, Alan Jamieson, Phil Bagley & Monty Priede Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK www.oceanlab.abdn.ac.uk

  2. Talk outline • Bioluminescent sources (BL) • Measurement technique • BL Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea • Seasonal variation at NEMO & NESTOR • Differences between NEMO & NESTOR

  3. Bioluminescent sources Two types: • ANIMALS - Non steady-state flashes • BACTERIA - Steady baseline source of light • Mesoplankton – 0.2-20 mm • (e.g. copepods) • Macroplankton – 20-200 mm • (e.g. euphausiids) • Megaplankton – 200-2000 mm • (e.g. medusae & large colonial • organisms (e.g. pyrosomes)) (Dussart et al. 1965, Sieburth et al. 1978)

  4. Bioluminescent sources Quantum emission (photons.flash-1) (Heger, 2007) BL wavelength centred on 480nm BL requires a stimulus

  5. Camera Mesh Measurement method ICDeep profiler • ICDeep • - ICCD camera • - Gain control • - To 5 x 10-7 lux • (min faceplate sens.) • Mesh • - 500 x 400 mm

  6. ICDeep deployment sites in the MS

  7. BL in the Mediterranean Sea NEMO NESTOR May 09 May 09 Sept 08 Sept 08 May 09 Oct 08 May 09 June 09 May09

  8. BL analysis 1. Is there seasonal variation in BL at NEMO and NESTOR? 2. Is there a difference in BL between NEMO and NESTOR? Generalised Additive Modelling (GAM) - models non-linear relationships

  9. Seasonal variation NESTOR NEMO Table 2. GAM analysis results - difference between spring and autumn BL density in the E and W Ionian Sea.

  10. Seasonal variation NE Atlantic Ocean - Observation of autumnal deep maxima NEMO Autumnal deep maxima attributed to enhanced biomass fed by export of spring surface primary productivity to deeper water (Gillibrand et al. 2007)

  11. Difference in BL between sites Table 2. GAM analysis results - difference between BL density in the E and W Ionian Sea in the spring and autumn

  12. Seasonal difference between sites 500 - 2500 m 2500 - 3500 m Impacts with OM (Priede et al. 2008)

  13. Summary BL decreases towards the East MS - consistent with previous studies where ANTARES and NESTOR sites were compared (Priede et al. 2008, Craig et al. 2009) Significant seasonal variation at the NEMO site - BL density 3x higher in autumn 500-2500 m cf. spring - What is the fate of this deep peak? Significant difference in BL between NEMO & NESTOR - 2-3x higher at the NEMO site at depth 2500-3500 m

  14. Acknowledgements Thanks to: Harilaos Kontoyiannis (HCMR) and crew of the RV Aegaeo Gian Pietro Gasparini (CNR-ISMAR) and crew of RV Urania Francesc Sarda (ICM-CSIC) and crew of RV Sarmiento de Gamboa KM3NeT Project UK Natural Environment Research Council Thank you!

  15. References Craig J, Jamieson A, Heger A, Priede I G (2009)  Distribution of bioluminescent organisms in the Mediterranean Sea and predicted effects on a deep-sea neutrino telescope, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, 602(1):224-226  doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.12.043 Dussart B.H. , Les différentes catégories de plancton, Hydrobiologia 26 (1965), pp. 72–74. Gillibrand E.J.V., Jamieson A.J., Bagley P.M., Zuur A.F., Priede I.G.  (2007) Seasonal development of a deep pelagic bioluminescent layer in the temperate Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series.  341: 37-44 Heger, A. 2007. In situ observations of bioluminescence in the deep sea: benthic and pelagic measurements in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. PhD, University of Aberdeen Priede I G,  Jamieson A, Heger A, Craig J, Zuur A F (2008) The potential influence of bioluminescence from marine animals on a deep sea underwater neutrino telescope array in the Mediterranean Sea, Deep Sea Research Part I, 55:1474-1483. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.001 Sieburth J.McN. , V. Smetacek and J. Lenz, Pelagic ecosystem structure: heterotrophic compartments of the plankton and their relationship to plankton size fractions, Limnology and Oceanography 23 (1978), pp. 1256–1263.

  16. NEMO TS

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