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THE IRISH QUESTION

THE IRISH QUESTION. INDEX. Brief Introduction Norman Ireland (1168–1536) Arrival of the Normans Lordship of Ireland Gaelic resurgence and Norman decline Early modern Ireland (1536–1691) Conquest and rebellion Wars and penal laws Slavery Protestant ascendancy (1691–1801)

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THE IRISH QUESTION

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  1. THE IRISH QUESTION

  2. INDEX Brief Introduction Norman Ireland (1168–1536) Arrival of the Normans Lordship of Ireland Gaelic resurgence and Norman decline Early modern Ireland (1536–1691) Conquest and rebellion Wars and penal laws Slavery Protestant ascendancy (1691–1801) Union with Great Britain (1801–1912) Home Rule, Easter Rising and War of Independence (1912–1922) Eire and Northern Ireland (1922–present) Free State and Republic Northern Ireland Modern Ireland Economy Religion Flags in Ireland

  3. BRIEF INTRODUCTION The Irish Question Irish nationalism Irish independence Problems of land ownership, religion and politics Historical reasons

  4. NORMAN IRELAND (1168-1536) ARRIVAL OF THE NORMANS 12th century: Ireland is divided into various kingdoms King Diarmait of Leinster, exiled, recruits Norman knights to regain his kingdom 1167: The counties are restored to the control of Diarmait, who names a Norman as heir of his kingdom 1171: King Henry II of England lands at Waterford He eventually rewards his Irish territories to his son John John becomes both King of England and “Lord of Ireland”

  5. NORMAN IRELAND (1168-1536) LORDSHIP OF IRELAND 12th-13th century: Anglo-Norman barons colonise a large part of the east of Ireland Introduction of feudalism and slavery 13th century: English Kings attempt to weaken the power of Norman Lords in Ireland

  6. NORMAN IRELAND (1168-1536) GAELIC RESURGENCE AND NORMAN DECLINE 1348: Black Death English and Normans, who live in the towns and villages, are the main victims End of 15th century: native Irish dominate the country again English-controlled territory shrinks to a fortified area around Dublin, the Pale shrink: to become smaller

  7. EARLY MODERN IRELAND (1536-1691) CONQUEST AND REBELLION 1536: Beginning of the re-conquest of Ireland with Henry VIII 1541: Ireland becomes a full kingdom Henry is proclaimed King of Ireland at a meeting at the Parliament in Dublin, for the first time attended by Irish and English The re-conquest of the rest of Ireland is completed during the reigns of Elizabeth and James I English do not manage to convert the Catholic Irish to the Protestantism Mid-16th-early 17th century: policy of “Plantations” and Penal Laws

  8. EARLY MODERN IRELAND (1536-1691) WARS AND PENAL LAWS 17th century: period of wars 1641: Rebellion of Irish Catholics 1642-1649: Confederate Ireland 1653: Oliver Cromwell re-conquers Ireland (the most brutal phase of the war) After the Glorious Revolution in England: James II, supported by Catholics, is defeated by William of Orange, supported by Protestants

  9. EARLY MODERN IRELAND (1536-1691) SLAVERY 15th-18th century: Irish prisoners are sold as slaves and thus dehumanised

  10. PROTESTANT ASCENDANCY (1691-1801) 1691: Catholic resistance ends and the Penal Laws are reinforced In the 18th century there is a terrible economic situation in Ireland: Absentee landlords Two very cold winters and consequent famine (1740-1741) Ban on production of competitive goods and raw materials 1798: Irish Rebellion absentee landlord: a person who owns and rents out a profit-earning property, but does not live within the property's local economic region

  11. UNION WITH GREAT BRITAIN (1801-1912) 1800: Acts of Union 1801: Creation of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1829: the Parliament gives the Catholics the right to vote thanks to the Catholic lawyer Daniel O’Connel (“The Liberator”) 1840s: failure of the potato crop and consequent famine: Death Emigration

  12. UNION WITH GREAT BRITAIN (1801-1912) Gaelic declines in use: Famine National School education system Largely replaced by English 1858: Fenian Irish Independence Movement 19th century: the Irish Land Question is solved with devolution of land to Irish landholders Two attempts to pass Home Rule for self-government fail: Supported by Irish nationalists (Catholics) Attacked by Irish unionists (Protestants)

  13. HOME RULE, EASTER RISING AND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1912-1922) 1905: political party Sinn Fein is founded 1914: Third Home Rule Act is suspended owing to the World War I 1916-1921: period of political violence Easter Monday of April 1916: “Easter Rising”. The uprising is repressed. 1918: general election. Sinn Fein MPs declare themselves the elected assembly of the Irish people. Nationalists organise their army, the Irish Republican Army 1919-1921: Irish War of Independence 1920: Government of Ireland Act, accepted by the 6 northern counties (Northern Ireland), refused by 26 southern counties 1921: Anglo-Irish Treaty. The 26 southern counties become the Irish Free State.

  14. EIRE AND NORTHERN IRELAND(1922-PRESENT) FREE STATE AND REPUBLIC Anglo-Irish Treaty divides Republicans: anti-Treaty supporters pro-Treaty supporters 1922-1923: Irish Civil War. The anti-Treaty supporters are defeated. 1927: Sinn Fein ends as a movement Irish Free State (1922-1937) remains a democracy, eventually accepted even by the former anti-Treaty supporters (elected in 1932) 1920s-1945: Protestant minority is more likely to emigrate 1937: Constitution (Free State renamed Eire) 1949: Republic

  15. EIRE AND NORTHERN IRELAND(1922-PRESENT) NORTHERN IRELAND Catholic minority is discriminated 1968: Catholics form a Civil Right Association 1968-1969: Catholic marches create disorder Police force RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary) does not help Catholics IRA gains new members and starts attacking police stations August 1969: British Army intervenes but the attacks continue IRA splits in two wings: Officials Provisionals

  16. EIRE AND NORTHERN IRELAND(1922-PRESENT) NORTHERN IRELAND The Provisionals are condemned as terrorists and criminals and even killed (“Bloody Sunday”) 1972: British government takes over direct control of Northern Ireland The wave of violence continues (IRA carries out a bombing campaign in Britain) 1985: Anglo-Irish Agreement. The British and Irish governments agree to work together against terrorism 1998: Good Friday Agreement (autonomy to both Protestants and Catholics in Ulster) 1994: Sinn Fein announces a cease-fire but violence continues Early 2005: IRA promises to disarm but it is not true

  17. MODERN IRELAND ECONOMY Irish Economy is stagnant in 1970s: Global economic problems Set of misjudged economic policies Troubles in Northern Ireland Devaluation owing to Irish Pound (since 1979) The economy improves in 1980s (Celtic Tiger): Economic reforms Investment from the European Community Mass immigration (1990s) Increase of GDP per capita The economy falls into recession in 2008: Global crisis GDP contracts by 14% Unemployment raises from 4.5% to 14%

  18. MODERN IRELAND RELIGION Influence of the Catholic Church throughout the history of Ireland: Conservative social policies forbidding divorce,contraception, abortion, pornography… and censoring books and films Largest provider of social services such as education and healthcare Nowadays, the power of Catholic Church has been much reduced: Increasing disinterest in Church doctrine by younger generations Questionable morality of the Pope (2011: Ireland closes its embassy at the Vatican) Divorce has been legalised, homosexuality decriminalised, and abortion allowed in limited cases

  19. FLAGS IN IRELAND National flag of Ireland: Tricolour of green, white and orange (mid-19th century) Green for Catholics, orange for Protestants and white for the desired peace between them Official flag of Northern Ireland: Union Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

  20. SOURCES Bibliography: M. Ansaldo with S. Bertoli and A. Mignani, Visiting Literature Compact. From the Origins to the Present Day, Petrini (Roma), 2010 Kiaran O’Malley, Gateway to Language and Culture. Aspects of the society, culture and economy of the English speaking world, LANG edizioni – Paravia Bruno Mondadori Editori, 2001 Kiaran O’Malley, Directions. Gateway to the English-speaking world, LANG Edizioni – Pearson Paravia Bruno Mondadori spa, 2006 Graeme Thomson and Silvia Maglioni, Literary Landscapes. A short anthology of literature in English- Literary. From the Origins to the Contemporary Age, Cideb Editrice (Genoa) – Black Cat Publishing (Canterbury), 2002 Flavia Bentini with Bruce Richardson and Vita Vaugham, In business, Pearson Paravia Bruno Mondadori spa, 2009 Webliography: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_Irish_Question

  21. Project by: Alessia Amato Stefano Demi Giulia Petrone

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