Residues in Honey

1. Residues in Honey Dr. Wolfgang Ritter CVUA Freiburg/Animal Health National and International Reference Laboratory Apimondia Standing Commission for Bee Pathology

2. Residues in Honey • Pollution • Bee management • Honey processing and storage • Control of Disease

3. Pollution • Industry • Traffic • Household • Agriculture (Pesticides)

4. Bee management • Wax moth control: (Paradiclorinebenzol) • Bee repellents (Phenol) • Paintings (Heavy metals) • (Control of Bee diseases)

5. Honey Processing and Storage • Processing(reduction of water content) • ashes • yeast • Container • heavy metals • remains • Storage in warehouses • overheating • odours

6. Treatment of Diseases Treatment with Medicaments • Nosemosis • Chalkbrood • American Foulbrood • European Foulbrood • Varroosis • Acariosis • Tropilaelaps infestation

7. Medicaments • National laws • EU regulations

8. MaximumResidue Limits(EU Regulation 2377/90EEC) MRL means: Maximum concentration of residue resulting from the use of veterinary medical product, which may be accepted by the EU Community to be legally permitted or recognized acceptable in or on food.

9. MaximumResidue Limits(EU Reg. 2377/90EEC) • Annex I fixed residue limits • Amitraz (Apivar) 200µg/kg • Coumphos (Perizin/Checkmite) 100 µg/kg • Annex III provisionalresidue limites • Cymiazole (Apitol) 1000µg/kg

10. MaximumResidue Limits(EU Regulation 2377/90EEC) • Annex II no residue limits necessary • Fluvalinate (Apistan) • Flumethrin (Bayvarol) • Formic acid • Lactic Acid • Menthol • Thymol • Eucalyptol • Campher

11. MaximumResidue Limits(EU Regulation 2377/90EEC) • Annex IV no safe maximal limits possible (prohibited for use) • Chloramphenicol • Nitrofurans

12. MaximumResidue Limits(EU Regulation 2377/90EEC) No residue limits for antibiotic in honey fixed Residues of antibiotic in honey not accepted

13. Residues in Honey Nosemosis Antibiotic • Fumagillin (Fumidil) • no registered product in EU (Funagillin not registered!) • no residues allowed in EU • rarely found as residue

14. Residues in Honey American and European Foulbrood Sulfonamide • Sulfonamide (Sulfathiazol) • no registered product • resistence found in some areas • no residues alowed in the EU • up to 3,2 ppm in imported honeys

15. Residues in Honey Americanand European Foulbrood Antibiotic • Terramycin/ Streptomycin/Tylosine • no registeredproduct in EU • no residues alowed in the EU( 20ppb under discussion for Streptomycin) • often found as residue

16. Residues in Honey Varroosis synthetic Acaricides • Coumapos (Perizin, Neoron) • registered product in EU (Perizin, Checkmite?) • resistance found in Italy? (treatment with Neoron) • residues up to 100µg/kg (100 ppb) allowed • residues up to 20 ppb (Perizin) in legal treatmentsand up to 500 ppb (Neoron) in illegal treatments

17. Residues in Honey Varroosis synthetic Acaricides • Bromopropylate • no registered product in EU (FolbexVA since 8 years not registered)) • no residues allowed in the EU • rarely found as residue

18. Residues in Honey Varroosis synthetic Acaricide • Amitraz • registered product in France (Apivar) • many illegal products in use • residues up to 200µg/kg (200 ppb) allowed • resistance found in some areas • rarely found as residue from legal use • often residues from illegal use (metabolites)

19. Residues in Honey Varroosis synthetic Acaricide • Tau-fluvalinate • registered product in the EU (Apistan) • often illegal use (Klartan) • resistance in many areas • no EU residue limits • rarely found as residue from legal use • high residues from illegal use

20. Residues in Honey Varroosis synthetic Acaricide • Flumetrine • registered product in the EU (Bayvarol) • resistance in many areas (use of Klartan) • no EU residue limits • never found as residue from legal use

21. Residues in Honey Varroosis natural Substances (allowed in organic beekeeping) Formic acid • registered in EU • no residue limit in EU (Germany 600 ppm) • rarely found as residue Lactic acid • registered in EU • no residue limit in EU • rarely found as residue

22. Residues in Honey Varroosis natural Substances(allowed in organic beekeeping) Oxalic acid • registration on the way • no residue limit in EU • rarely found as residue Thymol • registered product (Apilifevar) • many illegal products • no residue limit in EU • sometimes found as residue (illegal overdose)

23. Where Residues? Honey Food water-soluble Wax Cosmetics fat-soluble Propolis Medicaments fat-soluble

24. Enrichment of lipophile substances into wax

25. Residues in Wax 400 samples from the German market (Wallner 2001) • 60% with residues • 20% Bromopropylate (Folbex) (<5ppm) • 47% Coumaphos (Perizin, Asuntol) (some >10 ppm) • 22 % Fluvalinate (Apistan, Klartan) (some up to < 5ppm, seldom up to 15ppm)

26. Residues in Propolis Results of 22 samples from German market (Wallner,2001) • 5% Bromopropylate (Folbex) (4ppm) • 9% Coumaphos (Perizin, Asuntol)(6ppm) • 31 % Fluvalinate (Apistan, Klartan) (>8ppm)

27. Where we are? • Europe • In tests half of honeys offended against regulations (different antibiotic) • Chinese honey banned from market (Chloramphenicol) • Canada • Recall of products (Chloramphenicol, Nitrofuran) • Australia • Recall of honey (Nitrofurans)

28. Exporting Country Private Laboratories Laboratories of Beekeepers Ass. Packer Beekeeper Trade National Food Control Authority Food Control of Honey

29. Consumer protection Field Service Prevention of diseases Control of diseases Direct Preventive Optimal Diagnosis of diseases Food control Laboratory Service