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Components, Receivers, and Instrumentation for Ground-Based mm/submm Astronomy

Components, Receivers, and Instrumentation for Ground-Based mm/submm Astronomy. B.Lazareff, G.Butin, M.Carter, J.Y.Chenu, A.L.Fontana, S.Mahieu, D.Maier, F.Mattiocco, P.Serres K.Schuster, N.Krebs, T.Scherer, M.Schicke. Outline. Existing facilities Drivers for development

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Components, Receivers, and Instrumentation for Ground-Based mm/submm Astronomy

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  1. Components, Receivers, and Instrumentation for Ground-Based mm/submm Astronomy B.Lazareff, G.Butin, M.Carter, J.Y.Chenu, A.L.Fontana, S.Mahieu, D.Maier, F.Mattiocco, P.Serres K.Schuster, N.Krebs, T.Scherer, M.Schicke

  2. Outline • Existing facilities • Drivers for development • Component technologies • Ultimate limits • Device development at IRAM • SIS Mixers • Receiving systems • Instrumentation • Future prospects Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  3. IRAM ALMA Present and Future Facilities Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  4. Drivers for Receiver Development • Sensitivity ! Ultimate limit: background limited • Receiver : electronics, optics • Atmosphere • Photon statisitics • Frequency coverage • Tuning range. All atmospheric windows • Instantaneous. Goal: one atmospheric window, several 10's of GHz! • Speed (mapping) • But also: • Stability: amplitude, phase • Linearity • Polarization purity • Reliability • Cost (hardware and manpower) Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  5. Active Component Technologies SIS HEB HEMT Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  6. Active Component Technologies • HEMT • Direct amplification •  115 GHz on telescopes;  200 GHz in the lab • Instantaneous b/w ~ 30% • SIS • Heterodyne mixing •  700GHz (Nb); >1THz (NbTiN) • Instantaeneous b/w 2 x 8 GHz • HEB • Heterodyne mixing •  Several THz • Instantaeneous b/w ~ 4 GHz Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  7. Active Component Technologies Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  8. Pushing the Limits of Ground-Based Observing: 1.037 GHz ! Meledin et al 2004 CFA, Cambridge, MA Moscow State University Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  9. Quantum Limit for SIS mixers(after A.R.Kerr) Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  10. Fundamental Limits versusState-of-Art (ALMA specs, SSB) Quantum Atm (0.5mm PWV, 1.4 airmass) ALMA SSB Spec Practical limit Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  11. P2-I1-43.41-3 160 140 120 100 Current [µA] 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Voltage [mV] Devices : SIS Junction Devt & Fab Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  12. PdBI Band 1 (83-116 GHz)junction ALMA Band 7 (275-373 GHz)junction Devices : SIS Junction Devt & Fab Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  13. Devices : HEB Mixer Devt & Fab Optimisation systématique des films minces NbN Mélangeur NbN : Courbe I/V et puissance IF Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  14. Devices : MEMs : Tunable Capacitors Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  15. SIS Mixers • DSB • SSB • 2SB (sideband separating) Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  16. DSB Mixers : Results IRAM  ALMA B7 Trec = 2 hn/k SRON  ALMA B9 Trec = 3 hn/k Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  17. SSB Mixers (PdBI) : Principle of Operation Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  18. SSB Mixers; Results for PdBI 200-260 GHz Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  19. Band 7 (IRAM) 275 – 373 GHz Sideband Separating (2SB) Mixersfor ALMA Band 7 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  20. 2SB SIS Mixer: Principle of Operation Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  21. ALMA Band 7 (IRAM) 2SB MixersResults Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  22. ALMA Band 7 (IRAM) 2SB MixersMore Results Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  23. ALMA Band 7 (IRAM) 2SB MixersMore Results Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  24. Receiving Systems : PdBI New generation receivers for PdBI. 4 frequency bands  Dual-Pol  4GHz wide IF#1 unit currently undergoing system test Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  25. Receiving Systems Atmospheric Phase Correction Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  26. 275 – 373 GHz Dual polarization Dual sideband USB+LSB Four IF outputs 4 – 8 GHz 147 K SSB maximum And many more specs… Receiving Systems : ALMA B7 Cartridge Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  27. Herschel B1 horn verification 50 dB dynamic range @ 604 GHz ALMA B7 cartridge, optics verification >50dB dynamic range @ 300 GHz Instrumentation : Antenna Range Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  28. Instrumentation : Vector Network Analyzer. 80 – 370 GHz Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

  29. Where Do We Go from Here ? Areas for Future Work • Array receivers for mapping speed • Push the IF b/w of SIS receivers to the limits:df/f ~ 10% ? • Design integrated pixels • Push HEMT receivers to lower noise and higher frequencies: • 30K over 85 – 115 GHz ? • ?? over 130 – 170 GHz ? • Any really new detector around the corner ? • Keep our spectral bands pollution-free ! Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B.Lazareff

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