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Initiative

Initiative. Discourse & Dialogue CS 359 November 20, 2001. Agenda. Initiative: Who’s in charge? Initiative & Discourse Structure Effects on Reference Effects of Discourse Type Task-oriented vs Advice-giving Initiative & the User Structure & Disfluency Structure & User Preference.

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Initiative

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  1. Initiative Discourse & Dialogue CS 359 November 20, 2001

  2. Agenda • Initiative: Who’s in charge? • Initiative & Discourse Structure • Effects on Reference • Effects of Discourse Type • Task-oriented vs Advice-giving • Initiative & the User • Structure & Disfluency • Structure & User Preference

  3. Who’s in Charge? • Which dialogue participant takes lead? • Initiating convesational participant (ICP) • Other conversational participant(s) (OCPs) • Constant throughout dialogue? • Yes: user- or system-led • No: mixed initiative • More typical of human-human dialogue

  4. What’s Best? • System initiative? • Easy to design, elicits info from user, answers • User initiative? • User has goals, asks for info they want,.. • Mixed initiative? • Trade control: take control for clarification, correction,...

  5. System examples • AT&T. How may I help you? • Flight information • TRAINS

  6. Initiative & Discourse Structure • Changes in initiative define segments • Discourse segment purposes • Purpose of ICP • ICP controls segment • OCP talks, but in service of ICP’s DSP • Control actions: • Assert, Command, Question • Non-control actions: • Assert (in response to Q), Prompt

  7. Changes in Initiative • Change initiative ~ Change segment • Collaborative action • ICP signals willingness to cede initiative • Non-control utterance: e.g. prompt • Non-content utterance = repetition, summary • Urgency supercedes smooth shift • Urgent conversational goal: clarification, correction • Interrupt to perform

  8. Initiative and Attention • Local reference within discourse segment • Referents persist across interruptions • Embedded segments • Subtasks, corrections, clarifications • Referents change across segment bounds • 3rd person/one/some: not shared across bound • Deixis/event: shared across bound • Refer to global task vs local

  9. Initiative and Discourse Type • Contrastive types • Advice-giving: Financial/Support consultation • Task-oriented: Water pump assembly • Advice-giving: • Expert: general knowledge, lacks details • Mixed initiative, balanced, repetition/summary • Task-oriented: • Expert: knows everything, novice=hands+eyes • Expert initiative, interruptions • Novice interrupts in crisis: confusion, etc

  10. Structure & Cognition • Empirical assessment of initiative and interaction • Task-oriented: car rental/travel planning • Multi-modal: written, spoken, mixed • Stylus or click-to-speak • Wizard-of-Oz simulation study • Measures of cognitive load: • Information integration - fields/sentence • Disfluencies: filled/unfilled pauses, repetition

  11. Structured vs Unstructured • Structured interaction: • Tagged form-filling • Unstructured interaction: • Data entry based on task requirements, receipt • Effects: • Structured: Lower info density, shorter utt, rigid • Fewer disfluencies • Unstructured: Higher info density, longer utt, varied • Significantly more disfluencies

  12. But do they like it? • Yes! • Structured interactions: • Shorter utterances • Fewer disfluencies • Lower information integration • Indicate lower cognition load • Less planning required: e.g. content, order,… • Clear interaction structure guides user • Restriction better than confusion

  13. Initiative Summary • Initiative shifts in human-human interaction • Shifts may be signaled by non-contribution • Abdication, summary • Rough shifts: interruption • Initiative, reference, and discourse structure • 3rd person/one: within; deictic/event: across • Expected initiative linked to interaction type • Advice-giving: mixed; Task-oriented: led • User preference, fluency aligned: • Task-oriented: prefer structured to pure free-form

  14. Issues • Initiative in other HCI tasks • Advice-giving: mixed initiative • Clarification/correction: variable initiative? • Initiative and accuracy • Novice-expert differences? • Human vs computer • Disfluency highest in human-human telephone • NOT least effective/natural • H-C disfluency lower than all types of H-H..

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