Division of Public Health Systems and Workforce Development

1. Public Health in Global Health SystemsStrengtheningEffortsPeter B. Bloland, DVM, MPVMDirectorDivision of Public Health Systems and Workforce DevelopmentCenter for Global HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionGlobal Health Leadership Forum2011 Center for Global Health Division of Public Health Systems and Workforce Development

2. Public Health and Health Systems Strengthening A CENTRAL ROLE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH

3. Health System Strengthening HSS is generally defined as those activities that aim to improve a country’s ability to successfully perform the essential functions described or implied by WHO’s building blocks. From WHO (2007). Everybody’s business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO’s framework for action.

4. Public Health within Health System Strengthening • Broad definitions of “health systems”, “health system strengthening” obscure important interrelationships • Public health (i.e., prevention-oriented population health) relatively small • when compared to overall health system, especially compared to individual • curative services • Nonetheless, core functions of public health and the contribution of public • healthpractice to any health system are central to that system functioning • effectively, efficiently • Impact of public health efforts on the public’s health and functioning of • health systems generally is disproportionate to visibility and funding it • receives • Essential to be strategic about where limited resources for public health are • invested to get maximum impact

5. Six Key Targets for Public Health Systems Strengthening 6 core functions of public health that have the widest influence on the effectiveness of the health system itself. If these functions are themselves strengthened, they would in turn have the greatest impact on strengthening the health system as a whole and, therefore, the greatest impact on the public’s health. * Bloland et al., Protecting the Public’s Health - A vision for investments in public health within the context of global health system strengthening efforts (submitted for publication – PLoS Medicine)

6. Six Key Targets for Public Health Systems Strengthening • Ensuring Availability of Critical • Strategic Information • Evidence-based health policies • Design and implementation of • interventions • safe, effective, affordable, • deliverable, acceptable • Appropriate/ effective use of human & • financial resources • International law– International Health • Regulations 6 core functions of public health that have the widest influence on the effectiveness of the health system itself. If these functions are themselves strengthened, they would in turn have the greatest impact on strengthening the health system as a whole and, therefore, the greatest impact on the public’s health.

7. Six Key Targets for Public Health Systems Strengthening • Ensuring Availability of Critical • Strategic Information • Strengthening Key Public Health • Institutions and Infrastructure • Ministries of Health • Dedicated National Public Health • Institutions • Preparedness & Response • Infrastructure • Reconstruction & Stabilization of • Public Health Institutions & Systems • in Fragile States 6 core functions of public health that have the widest influence on the effectiveness of the health system itself. If these functions are themselves strengthened, they would in turn have the greatest impact on strengthening the health system as a whole and, therefore, the greatest impact on the public’s health. * Bloland et al., (2011) Protecting the Public’s Health - A vision for investments in public health within the context of global health system strengthening efforts

8. Six Key Targets for Public Health Systems Strengthening • Ensuring Availability of Critical • Strategic Information • Strengthening Key Public Health • Institutions and Infrastructure • Establishing Strong Public Health • Laboratory Networks • Laboratory Networks • Laboratory Systems Integration • Quality Standards & Accreditation • Appropriate Technology • Rapid, point of care diagnostics • for HIV, malaria, others 6 core functions of public health that have the widest influence on the effectiveness of the health system itself. If these functions are themselves strengthened, they would in turn have the greatest impact on strengthening the health system as a whole and, therefore, the greatest impact on the public’s health.

9. Six Key Targets for Public Health Systems Strengthening • Ensuring Availability of Critical • Strategic Information • Strengthening Key Public Health • Institutions and Infrastructure • Establishing Strong Public Health • Laboratory Networks • Building a Skilled and Capable • Workforce • Inherently governmental • responsibilities: • Surveillance, outbreak and other • health emergency response, • reporting (IHR) 6 core functions of public health that have the widest influence on the effectiveness of the health system itself. If these functions are themselves strengthened, they would in turn have the greatest impact on strengthening the health system as a whole and, therefore, the greatest impact on the public’s health.

10. Six Key Targets for Public Health Systems Strengthening • Ensuring Availability of Critical • Strategic Information • Strengthening Key Public Health • Institutions and Infrastructure • Establishing Strong Public Health • Laboratory Network • Building a Skilled and Capable • Workforce • Implementing Key Public Health • Programs • Disease Control & Prevention Programs: • HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, Neglected Tropical • Diseases, non-communicable diseases, • maternal & child health, road safety • Disease elimination/ eradication: • - polio, measles, guinea worm 6 core functions of public health that have the widest influence on the effectiveness of the health system itself. If these functions are themselves strengthened, they would in turn have the greatest impact on strengthening the health system as a whole and, therefore, the greatest impact on the public’s health.

11. Six Key Targets for Public Health Systems Strengthening • Ensuring Availability of Critical • Strategic Information • Strengthening Key Public Health • Institutions and Infrastructure • Establishing Strong Public Health • Laboratory Network • Building a Skilled and Capable • Workforce • Implementing Key Public Health • Programs • Supporting Critical Operational or • Applied Research • Identifying new public health • interventions • Improving existing interventions • Halting or modifying ineffective • interventions 6 core functions of public health that have the widest influence on the effectiveness of the health system itself. If these functions are themselves strengthened, they would in turn have the greatest impact on strengthening the health system as a whole and, therefore, the greatest impact on the public’s health.

12. Strengthening the The Machinery of public health A Framework for Public Health Systems Strengthening within the Division of Public Health Systems and Workforce Development

13. “The Machinery of Public Health” • Four interdependent components of the public health system • Public Health Workforce • Critical Public Health Systems • Public Health Institutions • “Culture” of Public Health WORKFORCE INSTITUTIONS SYSTEMS “CULTURE”

14. “The Machinery of Public Health” • Four interdependent components of the public health system • Public Health Workforce • Critical Public Health Systems • Public Health Institutions • “Culture” of Public Health • Weakness in any one can diminish the effectiveness of the others WORKFORCE INSTITUTIONS SYSTEMS “CULTURE”

15. “The Machinery of Public Health” • Four interdependent components of the public health system • Public Health Workforce • Critical Public Health Systems • Public Health Institutions • “Culture” of Public Health • Weakness in any one can diminish the effectiveness of the others • By addressing all 4, we can achieve greater impact, faster, and more sustainably than if address only 1 or address each sequentially WORKFORCE INSTITUTIONS SYSTEMS “CULTURE”

16. Building a Skilled and Capable Workforce WORKFORCE

17. Building a Skilled and Capable Workforce WORKFORCE • Success of any health system depends on availability • of an appropriately trained, competent workforce • Staff key national public health institutions • Conduct core functions of public health • Implement and manage critical health programs

18. Building a Skilled and Capable Workforce WORKFORCE • Success of any health systems depends on availability • of an appropriately trained, competent workforce • Important to build skills of those already in government • service as well as train future generations of public • health practitioners • Sustainable Management Development Program (SMDP) • Field Epidemiology (and Laboratory) Training Programs (FETP) • Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI) • Partnerships with US-based and host country schools of medicine • and public health

19. Strengthening Critical Public Health Systems SYSTEMS

20. Strengthening Critical Public Health Systems SYSTEMS • A skilled and capable workforce cannot be fully • effective if they do not have functional tools with which • to do their jobs

21. Strengthening Critical Public Health Systems SYSTEMS • A skilled and capable workforce cannot be fully • effective if they do not have functional tools with which • to do their jobs • Critical Public Health Systems • Health Risk Detection • Disease Surveillance • Investigating & Responding to Health Risks/ Disease Outbreaks • Health & Risk Communications • Information Management/ Informatics • Operational Research • Monitoring & Evaluation • Biosecurity/ Biosafety • Human-Animal Health • Coordination • Field Operations

22. Building or Strengthening Public Health Institutions INSTITUTIONS

23. Building or Strengthening Public Health Institutions INSTITUTIONS • Public health institutions: • Ministries of health and allied ministries • Dedicated National Public Health Institutions • Preparedness and response infrastructure • Public health laboratories and networks

24. Building or Strengthening Public Health Institutions INSTITUTIONS • Public health institutions are responsible for: • Supporting and managing the public health workforce • Managing critical public health systems • Generating and interpreting public health data • Ensuring translation of data into policy, policy into action, action • into measurable improvements in health

25. Facilitating the development of a sustainable “culture” of public health “CULTURE”

26. What is Public Health? Facilitating the development of a sustainable “culture” of public health “CULTURE”

27. What is Public Health? Facilitating the development of a sustainable “culture” of public health “CULTURE” Definition “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of communicable infections, the education of the individual in personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health; organizing these benefits in such a fashion as to enable every citizen to realize his birthright of health and longevity” * C.-E.A. Winslow, 1920

28. What is Public Health? • Population-level orientation • Data-driven, evidence-based • Linked to action • “Consequential Epidemiology” – Dr William Foege, former CDC Director • Disease prevention and health promotion as prime intervention strategies • Reliance on coordination & communication between multiple sectors & disciplines: • Health, Environment, Social Welfare, Education, Business • Medicine (human, veterinary), Epidemiology, Mathematics, Social Science, Communications Facilitating the development of a sustainable “culture” of public health “CULTURE” Definition “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of communicable infections, the education of the individual in personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health; organizing these benefits in such a fashion as to enable every citizen to realize his birthright of health and longevity” * C.-E.A. Winslow, 1920

29. Facilitating the development of a sustainable “culture” of public health What is Culture of Public Health? “CULTURE” • Institutionalization of the core values and characteristics • that define public health practice • Establishing a “way of doing business” that is driven by • those values and characteristics • Instituting a philosophy of continual quality improvement • and creating the policies and management systems that • support that philosophy • Doing so in a way that transcends individuals, persists • through changes in leadership, and continues over time

30. FINAL THOUGHTS WORKFORCE INSTITUTIONS SYSTEMS “CULTURE”

31. THANK YOU The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Center for Global Health