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Culture

Culture. NUR 210 M.Sharpe, RN, MSN, NP. CULTURE. Collection of beliefs, values, behaviors, rituals, habits shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next LEARNED FROM BIRTH SHARED BY ALL MEMBERS MOLDED BY ENVIRONMENT SUBCULTURES. Universality Uniqueness Stability.

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Culture

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  1. Culture NUR 210 M.Sharpe, RN, MSN, NP

  2. CULTURE • Collection of beliefs, values, behaviors, rituals, habits shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next • LEARNED FROM BIRTH • SHARED BY ALL MEMBERS • MOLDED BY ENVIRONMENT • SUBCULTURES

  3. Universality Uniqueness Stability Changeability Unconsciousness Variability Common Characteristics

  4. Ethnocentrism • The belief that one’s cultural, ethnic, or professional group is superior to that of others

  5. Stereotyping • Exaggerated beliefs and images that are popularly depicted in the mass media, folklore, and general conversation.

  6. Cultural Blindness • Failure to acknowledge cultural differences

  7. Cultural Shock • Immobilization due to cultural differences

  8. Cultural Diversity • Myth of the “melting pot” is being displaced with a sense of identity among various ethnic groups

  9. Acculturation • The changes of one’s cultural patterns to those of the host society (assumed to take 3 generations in the US)

  10. Racism • Belief that people can be classified on the basis of biophysical traits that indicate innate inferior or superiority • Prejudice: unfavorable attitudes toward an individual or group of people based on unfavorable attitudes toward that group • Discrimination: differential treatment of an individual or a group based on unfavorable attitudes toward the group

  11. Transcultural Assessment Model • Communication • Space • Social organization • Time • Environmental control • Biological variations

  12. AFRICIAN AMERICANS • MORTALITY • Life Expectancy • Strokes • Heart Disease • Infant Mortality • Homicide • HIV/AIDS

  13. Health Problems R/T: • Economic status • poverty • discrimination • social and psychological barriers • Hereditary

  14. Communication • Dialect and language usage • Modes of behavior • French, Spanish, Creole

  15. Space • Close Personal Space

  16. Social Organization • Strong church affiliations within community • Failure to assimilate • choice • segregation • Family System • female headed household • large networks

  17. Time • May be present or future oriented, depends on assimilation into dominant culture.

  18. Environmental Control • Heterogeneous • Religious • prayer and magic • Folk Medicine • Internal remedies • External remedies

  19. Biological Variations • Pallor • Erythema • Cyanosis • Ecchymosis • Juandice • Keloids • Pigmentary disorders • Pseudofolliculitis • Melasma

  20. Biological Variations • Lactose intolerance • Sickle cell anemia • Genetically inherited • Alcoholism • Hypertension • Cancer of esophagus and stomach

  21. HISPANICS • Second largest emerging majority group • Fastest growing population • Mexican • Puerto Rican • Cuban • Other Latin American origin

  22. Communication • Language barrier: 50 dialects • Spanish or Portuguese • Small talk • Verbal expression: elaborate and indirect • Eye contact

  23. Space • Tactile • touch, handshakes, embrace • Physical presence • family

  24. Time • Present • Current activity rather than with planning ahead to be on time

  25. Environmental Control • Health is state of harmony and balance • maintain by diet and keeping four humors in balance • blood • phlegm • black bile • yellow bile

  26. Illness as body imbalance • Illness that are “hot”are treated with a “cold” substance • Hot foods cannot be combined, they are to be eaten with cold foods • Hot and cold do not refer to temperature, but are a description of a particular substance itself. • Have to ask the client, varies from person to person

  27. Curanderismo • A medical system with historic roots that combine Aztec, Spanish, sprititualistic, homeopathic, and scientific elements • Cuandero(a): holistic healer and religious figure

  28. Social Organization • Nuclear families • Large, extended family networks • Strong church affiliations within community • Community social organizations

  29. Dislocation of Parts of Body • Empacho • Caida de la mollera • Mal ojo • Susto

  30. Disease and Health Conditions • Higher rates of obesity and DM • Lower rates of CVD • Communicable diseases • Respiratory: TB • GI: diarrhea, Hep. C • Skin disorders • HIV

  31. Implications • Reduce access to care barriers • Reduce communication barriers • Health promotion messages and health care more effective when delivered within their social frame of reference • Focus on problems seen as problems by the community • Involve the community

  32. ASIAN AMERICANS • Chinese (16%) • Filipinos (13%) • Japanese ((10%) • Asian Indian (9%) • Korean (7%) • Other Asian groups (45%)

  33. Communication • Many languages • Written verses Oral • Communicate RESPECT • Limit use of touch • Avoid eye contact • Nonverbal • Self-control

  34. Asian American Space • Intimate zone confined to private settings • Noncontact people

  35. Social Organization • Respect traditions • Family roles well defined • Role reversal • Religion • Buddhism • Confudianism • Taoism

  36. Time • Emphasis on the past • Time as cycles, events, occurrences

  37. Environmental Control • Cultural health practices • Naturalistic • Supernaturalistic • Metaphysical

  38. Biological Variations • Cancer • stomach, esophagus, liver • DM: diet, lifestyle • CVD: increase with change in diet

  39. NATIVE AMERICANS • 10 different tribes in US • Cherokee and Navajo are largest

  40. Communication • No common language (tribal language) • Touch • Disrespectful to engage in direct eye contact • Use of silence and body language

  41. Space • Difficult adjusting to unfamiliar spaces • Value personal space

  42. Social Organization • Family oriented • Matriarchal society in some tribes • Guided by supernatural

  43. Time • Present oriented • Time is casual, and relative to present tasks that need to be done in a present time frame

  44. Environmental Control • Native American Healers • harmony with the environment • symbolic and sacred items

  45. Biological Variations • DM: major health problem • STD • Suicide • Alcoholism • different enzyme to metabolize alcohol which acts quicker and therefore consume more alcohol

  46. ARAB AMERICANS • Major Religion: Muslim • Major Language: Arabic • Health Care Beliefs • health promotion important • women hold inferior social position • same sex health care providers

  47. Communication • For a women, direct eye contact is limited to other women or family members • Males may touch only those women who are in family • Handshakes are continued for a lengthy period • Educated Saudis respect direct eye contact

  48. Social Organization • Husband is the family leader • Extended families live together • The Saudi mother is revered

  49. Time • Time has little meaning except in business • Social rituals continue while appts. go by attended

  50. Arab Americans Health • DM • Syphilis • Leprosy • Cholera • Rickets and malnutrition • AIDS

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