Frontier & Industry (Cowboys, Indians & Robber Barons??)

1. Frontier & Industry (Cowboys, Indians & Robber Barons??)

2. 1. Explain how the Railroad changed America. What was the most important RxR built (when & by who)? What was happening out west that helped get the RxR built? Name 3 ways railroads improved between the 1860’s and 1900. What was shipped west and what was shipped east? I. Ending the Frontier A. Miners look away from California 1. California gold strikes slow (started in 1849) 2. Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Dakotas 3. Boom & Bust Towns

3. Study Guide #1: Railroads B. Gold & Mines Bring Railroad West 1. The RAILROADS a. Government gives Money & Land (130 million acres) b. Transcontinental Railway *Union Pacific – West from Omaha, NE - African American & Irish Labor - Through flat plains and Rocky Mnts. *Central Pacific – East from Sacramento CA - Chinese Labor - Over Sierra Nevada Mountains ** Lines Meet at Promontory Point, UT – May 10, 1869**

4. Proposed routes for the first Transcontinental Railroad (1855): Secretary of War Jefferson Davis recommended the SOUTHERN ROUTE, through the Newly acquired Gadsden areas. Why do you think Jefferson recommended this route? Why do you think it wasn’t chosen as the real route?

5. Which company was able to build more track? Predict WHY they were able to do this!

7. Chinese workers… a case study: CHINESE LABOR: Quotes by Leland Stanford ( • A large majority of the white laboring class on the Pacific Coast find more profitable and congenial employment in mining and agricultural pursuits, than in railroad work. The greater portion of the laborers employed by us are Chinese, who constitute a large element in the population of California. Without them it would be impossible to complete the western portion of this great national enterprise, within the time required by the Acts of Congress. • As a class they are quiet, peaceable, patient, industrious and economical—ready and apt to learn all the different kinds of work required in railroad building, they soon become as efficient as white laborers. More prudent and economical, they are contented with less wages. We find them organized into societies for mutual aid and assistance. These societies, that count their numbers by thousands, are conducted by shrewd, intelligent business men, who promptly advise their subordinates where employment can be found on the most favorable terms.

9. Sierra Nevada

10. Sierra Nevada

15. What is the Transcontinental Railroad? Describe the Golden Spike (location, date, and significance). P.591 Look at the picture: List the people, objects and activities presented What do you think is missing? Why? Sponge #10 9/23

16. Study Guide #1: Railroads c. New Inventions Expand RxR *Standard Gauge (rail lines all the same size) *Air Brakes (travel safer) *Janney Car Couplers (all cars can be hooked and unhooked easily) d. Helps Economy *Raw Materials shipped from West to East *Finished Goods shipped from East to West. Ex. Takes lumber to factories & Factories ship finished furniture West *Companies can Mass Produce and ship large quantities on the train all over America Janney Car Coupler

17. Explain how the ‘Great Am. Desert’ became the ‘Great Plains / Bread Basket of America’. Describe the role and lifestyle of the two different groups of Americans who began to use the Plains first. Which one survived? What organizations were created to help farmers and how did they use cooperatives? MOO A. CATTLE KINGDOM 1. Longhorn Cattle- Tons of cattle in TEXAS 2. Problem: How do you get the cattle to the people?? a. Big cities in the east, ex. NY, Philly, Boston b. Solution: The Cattle Drive *Goal: Get TX. Cattle to railroads towns *WHO? - COWBOYS Ex. Confederates, Ex Slaves, Young *Dangerous and Tiring: *Stampede *Indians * Rustlers *Weather *The Land

18. Study Guide #2: Great Plains 3.Cow Towns – Trails meet Rails a. End of cattle trails, cattle were sold and shipped (Abilene & Dodge City KS / Cheyenne, WY) -Rough Towns ** Cowboys + $ = Fun?????????

23. Study Guide #2 The Great Plains B. Farmers on the Plains 1. Homestead Act (1862) a. 160 acres, $10 fee, work land for 5 years b. Brings settlers to the Plains c. Railroad and Steamship Companies advertise the free land in Europe and the East 2.Sodbusters & Homesteading a. Houses made of Sod (No Trees = No Timber) b. Dry farming *Wind Mills – Water *Light Steel Plows – Break Thru Sod *Barbed Wire – Keep Cattle Out of Fields (Uh, Oh! – Do Ranchers like this??)

24. History of the Homestead Act -Passed in 1862 by Abraham Lincoln -Any CITIZEN (or person who intended to become one), over the age of 21, could make a claim -Given 160 acres of land for a filing fee (typically $5) -Had to live on the land for FIVE YEARS, build a dwelling, and farm the land. -If you did this, land was yours!!!!!!!

29. Family searching for a Homestead Advertisement for Railroad lands

30. Study Guide #2… 3. The Grange & Populist a.Farmers have a tough time * Weather *Rail Monopolies * Crop Failures *Loneliness *Debt to Banks b. The Grange – Support and Help *Cooperative buying (Costco style), helps against Railroads *Education (Library) & Social Events (Dances)

31. Farmers RULE Study Guide #2… C. Farmers v. Cowboys 1. Range Wars a. Farmers putting up fences *Cowboys can’t get through to RxR b. Farmers Win *RxR come to Ranches (the South) & Too Many farmers

32. 3. Describe the struggle between Native Americans and white settlement on the Great Plains. How did the U.S. actively try to eliminate the Native Americans? Explain Reservation Policy and the Dawes Act. Who was Wovoka and the Ghost Dance? A. Native Americans (Weren’t we here 1st?) 1. Life on the Plains (Nomadic) a. The Buffalo-uses *Most important food for Indians *Shelter–Clothes & Tipi from hide *Tools – made from Bone and Guts b. RxR & Government Kill Buffalo *1872 to 1875- 9 million killed, 800 in 1895 *Ruins lifestyle and culture of Native Am.

33. General William Tecumseh Sherman wrote in 1867: "The more we can kill this year, the less will have to be killed the next year, for the more I see of these Indians the more convinced I am that they all have to be killed or be maintained as a species of paupers."

34. Uses of the Buffalo Buffalo Population

35. Study Guide #3: Native Americans B. Taking the land 1. Reservation Policy a. Keep Indians in limited areas b. U.S. Government would “Help” ** Three Promises--Three Lies 1. Provide Food and Supplies Lie- Poor Quality 2. Keep Settlers Out Lie- Whites get land 3. Provide Protection Lie: Army very “Mean” 2. The End of a Culture / DAWES ACT a. Make them White (Goal of Dawes Act) *Broke up reservations to make private land (Indians do not believe in land ownership) b. Make them farmers, like settlers

38. Study Guide #3: Native Americans 3. The Lost Fight a. The Ghost Dance *Nevada Indian Wovoka- prophet *Tells tribes to use this ceremony to call on the past greatness of the tribes **Whites & Gov’t scared to Death!

39. Study Guide #3: Native Americans b. Wounded Knee (The last massacre) **Sioux, led by Sitting Bull, gather to perform Ghost Dance **Whites frightened, and arrest Sitting Bull (Somehow shot during scuffle) ** Scared and angry Sioux gather at Wounded Knee, S.D. after shooting **Army opens fire with new machine gun on women and children who are starving and freezing RESULT- 1. Indians defeated 2. Great Plains Settled Country Grows 4. RxR Feed Factories in East