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The Human (Animal) Cell

The Human (Animal) Cell. Cell Membrane. Responsible for controlling what substances go into and out of the cell Think of a screen door…. How does stuff get in and out?. The cell membrane is selectively permeable – some substances can pass through while others cannot 2 Types of Transport

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The Human (Animal) Cell

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  1. The Human (Animal) Cell

  2. Cell Membrane • Responsible for controlling what substances go into and out of the cell • Think of a screen door…

  3. How does stuff get in and out? • The cell membrane is selectively permeable – some substances can pass through while others cannot • 2 Types of Transport • 1. Passive Transport – no energy required • 2. Active Transport – energy required

  4. Passive Transport • Movement of material through the cell membrane without using energy • Diffusion – the process by which molecules tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration • Osmosis – diffusion of watermolecules through a selectively permeable membrane

  5. Active Transport • Movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy • Transport Proteins – “pick up” molecules and pass them through the membrane • Engulfing (Endocytosis) – cell membrane folds around a particle, creating a vacuole

  6. Nucleus • The cell’s control center, directing all of the cell’s activities • Cells duplicate themselves through a process called… • Mitosis – a cell’s nucleus divides into 2 nuclei and a copy of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell (cell division)

  7. Mitosis (Cell Division)

  8. Mitosis (Cell Division)

  9. Cell Cycle 1. Interphase Cell grows, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepares to divide. 2a. Mitosis:Prophase 3. Cytokinesis 2b. Mitosis: Metaphase 2c. Mitosis:Anaphase 2d. Mitosis: Telophase

  10. Cell Cycle 1. Interphase 2a. Mitosis: Prophase Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, spindle fibers form, and the nuclear membrane breaks down. 3. Cytokinesis 2b. Mitosis: Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle of cell. 2c. Mitosis: Anaphase The chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. 2d. Mitosis: Telophase New nuclear membranes form.

  11. Cell Cycle 1. Interphase 2a. Mitosis:Prophase 3. Cytokinesis The cell membrane pinches in around the middle of the cell, and the cell divides. 2b. Mitosis: Metaphase 2c. Mitosis:Anaphase 2d. Mitosis: Telophase

  12. Inside the Cell • Cytoplasm – clear, thick, gel-like fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus • Many organelles are found in the cytoplasm

  13. Cell Organelles • What is an organelle? • “A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell” • Organelles are responsible for: • 1. Producing Energy • 2. Building and Transporting needed Materials • 3. Storing and Recycling Wastes

  14. Cell Organelles • Mitochondria – “powerhouse” of the cell • Produces energy for the cell • Different types of cells have more/less • Muscle Cells have large numbers of these • Endoplasmic Reticulum – carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another • Cell Transport System • Think of a network of “roads”

  15. Cell Organelles • Ribosomes – structure that makes proteins • Some are free floating, some attached to E.R. • Construction Workers – connect one amino acid to another to build long chains • Golgi Bodies – receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the E.R., packages them, and sends them off to other parts of the cell for use • Like a Post Office – packages and labels items that it sends off to different parts of the cell • Also creates Lysosomes…

  16. Cell Organelles • Vacuoles – storage area for the cell • Some animal cells do not have these • Storage Area – Water, Food, Waste • Lysosomes – break down large food particles into smaller ones • Free-floating in the cytoplasm, they go to work when the cell absorbs or “eats” food. • Also can break down old cell parts and release substances so they can be used again • Garbage Collectors/Recyclers

  17. Mitochondria Ribosomes Nucleus Vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoplasm Lysosome Golgi Body Cell Membrane

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