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To SLEEP, perchance to DREAM

Altered States of Consciousness. To SLEEP, perchance to DREAM. What is your sleep IQ? Why do we sleep? What happens in our brains and with our bodies during sleep? What’s up with dreams? What’s up with sleep disorders? How do my holiday sleep habits compare to my school sleep habits?.

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To SLEEP, perchance to DREAM

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  1. Altered States of Consciousness To SLEEP, perchance to DREAM

  2. What is your sleep IQ? Why do we sleep? What happens in our brains and with our bodies during sleep? What’s up with dreams? What’s up with sleep disorders? How do my holiday sleep habits compare to my school sleep habits? Questions We will ponder

  3. During sleep, your brain rests. • You cannot learn to function normally with one or two fewer hours of sleep than you need. • Boredom makes you feel sleepy, even if you have had enough sleep. • Resting in bed with your eyes closed cannot satisfy your body’s need for sleep. • Snoring in not harmful as long as it doesn’t disturb others or wake you. • Everyone dreams nightly. Do you think the statement is True or False?

  4. The older you get, the fewer hours of sleep you need. • Most people don’t know when they are sleepy. • Raising the volume of your radio will help you stay awake while driving. • Sleep disorders are mainly due to worry or psychological problems. • The human body never adjusts to night shift work. • Most sleep disorders go away, even without treatment. Do you think the statement is True or False?

  5. To sleep or not to sleep? That is the question. Why do we sleep?

  6. Body rhythms • Ultradian rhythms – more than once daily clock • Infradian rhythms – less than daily clock (seasonal or monthly) • Circadian rhythms – 25-hour clock • Regulated by day-night cycle • Regulated by melatonin • Marked by peaks and valleys of activity, sensitivity, physical ability, and alertness Why do we sleep?

  7. Why do we sleep?

  8. Restorative theory of sleep • Sleep rejuvenates & restores the body & mind • Adaptive theory of sleep • Sleeps results from evolutionary processes • Example: predatory animals sleep more than prey animals. Why do we sleep?

  9. Why do we sleep?

  10. For in that sleep of death, what dreams may come… What happens during sleep?

  11. Ultradian rhythm – cycles through 5 stages during a normal night’s sleep. • Awake: Beta waves • Stage 1: Alpha waves • aka: Twilight sleep • Hypnogogic sensations occur • Stage 2: K complex & sleep spindles • Stage 3: Beginning of delta waves • Stage 4: Full delta waves • REM: Alpha waves recurr What happens during sleep?

  12. What happens during sleep? EEG brain wave measurements during sleep

  13. What happens during sleep? We move from wakefulness to sleep rather quickly.

  14. What happens during sleep? The sleep cycle during a typical night’s sleep.

  15. What happens during sleep? The relationship between Stage 4 & REM cycles in a normal night’s sleep.

  16. What happens during sleep? How nightmares & night terrors relate to sleep stages.

  17. What happens during sleep? Amount of sleep people get during the lifespan.

  18. REM sleep • aka: Paradoxical sleep – the brain seems awake, but it is really in the deepest sleep pattern. • Gets longer throughout the night • Body muscles are essentially paralyzed during REM • REM rebound occurs when REM is not sufficient. • Most dreaming occurs during REM. • Some dreams occur during NREM – these tend to be more mundane. What happens during sleep?

  19. For in that sleep of death, what dreams may come… What’s up with dreams?

  20. Freudian Theory • Dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious” • Analyzing dream content leads to understanding unconscious motives & drives • Two layers of meaning: • Manifest content – the plot line of a dream • Latent content – the symbolic meaning of a dream What’s up with dreams?

  21. Activation-Synthesis Theory • Hobson & McCarley’s research • Activation: the brain becomes active during sleep • Synthesis: the brain tries to make sense of the signals by creating a story What’s up with dreams?

  22. Types of Dreams • Lucid dreams – dreams in which you know you are dreaming • Can sometimes control dream story • Nightmares • Night terrors – NREM dreams that occur mainly in children What’s up with dreams?

  23. …And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest. What’s up with sleep disorders?

  24. Sleep Apnea • When breathing stops during sleep • Caused by blocked air passages • Insomnia • Inability to fall or stay asleep • Caused by stress/worry, circadian rhythm disruption, or biological disruptions/imbalances What’s up with sleep disorders?

  25. Somnambulism • Sleepwalking • Occurs during Stage 4 sleep • Might be reaction to NREM dreaming • Night terrors • NREM/Stage 4 dreams • Occurs mainly in children What’s up with sleep disorders?

  26. Restless Legs Syndrome • Legs feel tingly/itchy/painful • Relief obtained by moving • Narcolepsy • Sudden onset of REM sleep • Occurs during stressful situations • Caused by chemical imbalances • Often treated with stimulants What’s up with sleep disorders?

  27. Altered States of Consciousness Hypnosis: Fact or fiction?

  28. What do we think we know about hypnosis? Is the hypnotic state a trance? Or is it a social situation we get caught up in? Is hypnosis good for anything? Questions We will ponder

  29. What do we think we know about hypnosis?

  30. All psychologists agree that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. • While under hypnosis, people can perform tasks that are otherwise impossible. • Psychologists who hypnotize patients often have them focus on a watch swinging from a chain while saying, “You’re getting sleepy…” • Hypnosis is a state of deep sleep. • People who are highly suggestible are most likely to be successfully hypnotized. Do you think the statement is True or False?

  31. It is more difficult to become hypnotized in front of an audience than in a one-on-one session. While under hypnosis, people can always remember lost childhood memories accurately. Courts allow hypnotically refreshed memories as legitimate evidence in trials. Hypnosis is most effective in controlling pain. Do you think the statement is True or False?

  32. Is the hypnotic state a trance?

  33. Divided consciousness theory • Ernest Hilgard • Hypnosis is the result of dissociation – a split in consciousness • Hypnosis produces a hidden observer – the part of the consciousness that remained aware during the trance. • Evidence: • brain scan research • Hilgard’s hidden observer demonstrations Is the hypnotic state a trance?

  34. Social influence theory • Nicholas Spanos • Hypnosis is a role-playing situation in which people act in ways they expect to behave. • Evidence: • Highly suggestible people more likely to be hypnotized • Spanos’s research showing people behave similarly when pretending to be hypnotized Is hypnosis a social phenomenon?

  35. Is hypnosis good for anything?

  36. Yes • Pain control • No • Weight loss • Smoking cessation • Age regression • Memory enhancement Is hypnosis good for anything?

  37. Drugs & Addiction

  38. What does it mean to be addicted to drugs? What drugs are we concerned about? How do these drugs affect us? Questions We will ponder

  39. What does it mean to be addicted to drugs?

  40. Psychoactive drugs affect behavior, cognition, mood, and physical processes. • Physical addiction • Withdrawal – painful symptoms following the cessation of the use of a drug • Tolerance – eventual need for higher doses of a drug to get the original effect • Psychological addiction • Social and cognitive factors that increase the desire to take a drug Drug Addiction

  41. What drugs are we concerned about?

  42. Depressants • Alcohol, barbiturates (sedatives) • Opiates (painkillers) • Morphine derivatives (codeine, oxycontin, heroin) • Stimulants • Amphetamines, ecstasy, caffeine, nicotine • Hallucinogens • LSD, peyote, marijuana Classifications of drugs

  43. Ingestion • Eating, swallowing, or drinking • Absorbed through digestive system • Injection • Through veins, muscles, or under the skin • Inhalation • Breathed in through capillaries in lungs • Absorption through mucus membranes • Snorted through nose, absorbed through lining of the mouth or anus Administration of Drugs

  44. Compiled from slides created by the National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA) The Neurobiology of Drug Abuse

  45. DRUG ADDICTION IS A COMPLEX ILLNESS www.drugabuse.gov

  46. A human neuron

  47. The human brain controls all aspects of behavior.

  48. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

  49. Your Brain on Drugs 1-2 Min 3-4 5-6 Greater brain activity is highlighted in yellow and white. 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-20 20-30

  50. Your Brain After Drugs Normal Cocaine Abuser (10 days) Cocaine Abuser (100 days)

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