Meeting on Science, Technology and Medicine for Sustainable Development of Southeastern Europe,

1. Meeting on Science, Technology and Medicine for Sustainable Development of Southeastern Europe, January 16, 2018, Belgrade, Serbia New TESLA Project: Science, Technology and Medicine for Sustainable Development of Southeastern Europe N. Nešković Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia

2. 1. Introduction In November 2016, the World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS) launched the initiative to intensify cooperation in science and technology in Southeastern Europe, by applying the model of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland. CERN was founded in 1954. Today, it is the largest laboratory for particle physics in the world. In 1956, a similar institution, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), was founded in Dubna, USSR. Currently, it is one of the largest research centers in the world devoted to particle physics, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics. The CERN model was used in founding the TESLA Scientific Center (TSC), in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1996 as well as the center under the name Synchrotron Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME), in Allan, Jordan, in 2002. The former center, created to act in Southeastern and Central Europe and based in the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, was devoted to science, technology and medicine with ion beams, while the latter one is concentrated on the same fields with beams of electromagnetic radiation. Unfortunately, TSC terminated its activities in 2006, due to refusal of the international community to support it. On the other hand, the use of SESAME began at the end of 2017, as a result of serious support by the same community.

3. This talk is devoted to the New TESLA Project: Science, Technology and Medicine for Sustainable Development of Southeastern Europe, whose concept has been made to uphold the idea of the Vinča Institute to revive TSC in a similar form and with the modernized programs based on the WAAS initiative and a clear and strong support of the Government of Serbia. The endeavor would be financed by the European Commission or Rosatom, the state corporation for atomic energy of Russia. This revival would be an additional proof that a dialectical unity of nationalism and globalism is a necessary basis for advancement and excellence on a wide front in science and technology. It would also provide very much needed cultural bridges between the nations in Southeastern Europe, some of them being in severe conflict since 1990s, and, thus, additionally contribute to sustainable development of the region.

4. 2. TESLA Accelerator Installation In August 1989, the Government of Serbia made the decision on the construction of the TESLA Accelerator Installation as a large user infrastructure for production, acceleration and use of ion beams in science, technology and medicine in the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences. The construction began in December 1989. However, it was going on with frequent and long delays, due to irregular and insufficient financing, dominantly due to the serious political and economic crisis in the country. In November 2007, the Government decided to stop the financing of the construction from the budget of Serbia, and to continue it on the basis of the clearing debt of Russia to Serbia. The decision was made following a report prepared by a group of people totally incompetent for construction and use of accelerators, and completely ignoring the numerous reports of two highly competent international bodies and one competent national body that were formally responsible for controlling the construction, preparations for use, and use of TESLA. Up to the stopping of the construction, the direct costs were EUR 14.77 million. More than 75 % of that amount was given to the Serbian companies participating in the construction.

5. In January 2008, TESLA was divided into three parts – the low energy, medium energy, and high energy parts. The low energy part, called FAMA, was commissioned in May 1998. In June 2010, the upgrading of FAMA, based on the clearing debt of Russia to Serbia, began. The upgraded FAMA will comprise a multiply charged heavy ion source and a positive or negative light ion source with two channels for modification of materials, and a small cyclotron complex delivering protons of energies between 1 and 3 MeV with two channels for analysis of materials. The commissioning of these machines and experimental channels should be completed in September 2018. It must be emphasized that this depends solely on the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development and the Ministry of Finance of Serbia. If they urgently adopt a positive approach toward the Vinča Institute, the use of the upgraded FAMA will commence in October 2018. The additional upgrading of FAMA will include the construction of a channel for surface physics and a channel for transmission studies, and the upgrading of the two channels for analysis of materials.

6. Figure 1. M1 machine.

7. Figure 2. M3 machine.

8. The medium energy part of TESLA, called the H4 Facility, should be used for production of cyclotron radiopharmaceuticals. Its main part will be a cyclotron delivering protons of energy about 18 MeV. The high energy part of TESLA, called the VINCY Facility, comprises a medium-size cyclotron delivering protons of energies between 30 and 75 MeV and currents up to about 100 A, and five experimental channels, to be used for research and development in physics, chemistry and biology, and for production of cyclotron radiopharmaceuticals and proton therapy of eye tumors.

9. Figure 3. Magnetic structure of the cyclotron within the VINCY Facility.

10. M3 machine Cyclotron Monochromator C6 channel C5 channel C1 channel H4 machine M2 machine M1 machine C2 channel C4 channel C3 channel Figure 4. Schemes of FAMA and the cyclotron of the H4 Facility.

11. H3 channel H5A channel H2 channel H1 channel VINCY Nuclear reactor Figure 5. Scheme of the VINCY Facility.

12. C1 channel M1 machine M2 machine C2 channel C4 channel C3 channel 3. Programs of use 3.1. Science and technology The program of use of FAMA includes the following areas in science and technology. • Modification of materials • The C1 and C2 channels of FAMA are used for surface modification of materials with multiply charged heavy ion beams of energies of 10-20 keV per charge unit, and with positive or negative light ion beams of energies of 15-30 keV. Figure 6. Scheme of the part of FAMA for modification of materials.

13. C1 channel M1 machine M2 machine C2 channel C4 channel C3 channel • The materials whose properties are altered are: metal/silicon bilayers, polymer films, hydrides, carbon materials, alloys, ceramic materials, nitrade multilayer structures, lithium-intercalated cathode materials, silicon crystals, thin organic films, titanium surfaces with hydroxyapatite coatings, steel surfaces with superhard coatings, spinel oxide films, silicon carbide films, etc. Figure 6. Scheme of the part of FAMA for modification of materials.

14. C1 channel M1 machine M2 machine C2 channel C4 channel C3 channel • Surface physics • The C3 channel of FAMA will be used for investigations of interaction of slow highly charged ions with clean crystal surfaces. The projectiles will be multiply charged heavy ions and they will be directed toward monocrystalline targets placed in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber. The ion-crystal interaction will be explored by measuring the characteristics of the scattered and sputtered ions, and of the emitted electrons and photons. Figure 6. Scheme of the part of FAMA for modification of materials.

15. C1 channel M1 machine M2 machine C2 channel C4 channel C3 channel • Transmission studies • The C4 channel of FAMA will be used for various transmission studies with light and heavy ion beams. Its use will begin with development of thin electrostatic rainbow and multipolar lenses, which can be employed for specific shaping of ion beams. Besides, the channel will be employed for investigations of ion transmission through graphene-like structures in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. Figure 6. Scheme of the part of FAMA for modification of materials.

16. M3 machine Cyclotron Monochromator C6 channel C5 channel • Analysis of materials • The C5 channel of FAMA will be used for analysis of polycrystalline materials in vacuum with proton beams of energies between 1 and 3 MeV employing Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectroscopy, and proton induced -ray (PIGE) spectroscopy. Figure 7. Scheme of the part of FAMA for analysis of materials.

17. M3 machine Cyclotron Monochromator C6 channel C5 channel • The C6 channel of FAMA will be used for analysis of polycrystalline and noncrystalline materials in air with the same proton beams employing PIXE and PIGE spectroscopies.These techniques will be first applied in studying the Roman glasses found in Gradina, on Jelica Mountain, Serbia, and the Serbian baroque paintings from the collection of the Gallery of Matica Srpska, Novi Sad, Serbia. Figure 7. Scheme of the part of FAMA for analysis of materials.

18. H3 channel H5A channel H2 channel VINCY H1 channel Nuclear reactor The program of use of the VINCY Facility includes the following areas in science and technology. • Radiation research • The H2 channel of the VINCY Facility will be devoted to radiation research in biology, chemistry and physics with proton beams of energies from 30 to 75 MeV. The interactions of the projectiles and various solid and liquid targets will be going on in air. The use of the channel will begin with investigations of differences in the expression and activity of a whole array of protective antioxidant enzymes important for evaluation of individual resistance to the high-linear energy transfer radiation exposures occurring in proton therapy of malignant diseases and expected to be encountered during the future long space missions. Figure 5. Scheme of the VINCY Facility.

19. H3 channel H5A channel H2 channel VINCY H1 channel Nuclear reactor • Besides, the channel will be used for analysis of polycrystalline and noncrystalline samples by PIXE spectroscopy. When compared with the measurements to be performed in the C6 channel of FAMA, these measurements will allow one to register heavier chemical elements and deduce concentrations of different elements along larger depth ranges. Also, the proton beams in this channel will be much less destructive for the analyzed material than the beams in the C6 channel. Figure 5. Scheme of the VINCY Facility.

20. H3 channel H5A channel H2 channel VINCY H1 channel Nuclear reactor • Physics of thin crystals • The H5A channel of the VINCY Facility will be used for research and development in the field of ion transmission through very thin crystals and short nanotubes.In the begining, the major program of its use will be development of picometer proton beams using the superfocusing effect in proton channeling in crystals. The projectile energy will be between 30 and 75 MeV, while the targets will be silicon single crystals of thicknesses of about 1 m. Figure 5. Scheme of the VINCY Facility.

21. H3 channel H5A channel H2 channel VINCY H1 channel Nuclear reactor • Neutron physics • The main part of the H5B channel of the VINCY Facility will be a small low flux subcritical fission nuclear reactor driven and controlled by a proton beam bombarding a high atomic number target, which is inherently safe. This accelerator driven system (ADS) will be used for research in neutron physics and development of nuclear techniques and technologies, and also for research and development in materials science, radiation biology and radiation protection. Figure 5. Scheme of the VINCY Facility.

22. H3 channel H5A channel H2 channel VINCY H1 channel Nuclear reactor • For the proton beam of energy of 75 MeV and current of 10 A, and a lead target, the fission power of the reactor will be 10 kW. The channel should be constructed in collaboration with the Belgian Nuclear Research Center, Mol. Figure 5. Scheme of the VINCY Facility.

23. H4 machine 3.2. Medicine The program of use of the H4 Facility includes the following areas in medicine. • Production of radiopharmaceutical FDG, for positron emission tomography (PET) • PET is a supreme functional diagnostic technique employed in oncology, neurology, psychiatry, cardiology and pharmacology. However, the technique is used mostly in oncology – to determine if a tumor has appeared, if it is malignant, if it has metastasized, if the therapy gives results, and if it has disappeared after the therapy. Figure 8. Scheme of the cyclotron within the H4 Facility.

24. H4 machine • The H4 Facility should be used primarily for the production of radiopharmaceutical FDG, based on radionuclide fluorine-18, whose half-life is 110 minutes. This radiopharmaceutical will be regularly delivered to the medical institutions in Serbia. With six PET cameras in operation, the total number of diagnosed patients will be above 10,000 per year. The establishing of this production depends solely on the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development and Ministry of Health of Serbia. If they urgently adopt a positive approach toward the Vinča Institute, the delivery of FDG will commence in February 2019. Figure 8. Scheme of the cyclotron within the H4 Facility.

25. H4 machine • Research, development and production of radiopharmaceuticals • The H4 Facility should be also used for research, development and production of other radiopharmaceuticals for PET. The radionuclides in question are: again fluorine-18, and also iodine-124, zirconium-89, yttrium-86 and copper-64. The half-lives of the additional four radionuclides are 100.3, 78.4, 14.7 and 12.7 hours, respectively. The produced radiopharmaceuticals will be delivered to the medical institutions in the region. Figure 8. Scheme of the cyclotron within the H4 Facility.

26. H3 channel H5A channel H2 channel VINCY H1 channel Nuclear reactor • The program of use of the VINCY Facility includes the following areas in medicine. • Research, development and production of radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals • The H3 channel of the VINCY Facility will be used for research, development and production of radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals for PET and targeted radiotherapy. The radionuclides will be produced with protons of energies between 30 and 75 MeV, while the radiopharmaceuticals will be synthesized in the H4 Facility. Figure 5. Scheme of the VINCY Facility.

27. H3 channel H5A channel H2 channel VINCY H1 channel Nuclear reactor • The production will begin with the radiopharmaceuticals based on germanium-68/gallium-68 radionuclide generator, which is a positron emitter utilized for PET in oncology, and copper-67, which is an electron emitter utilized for radiotherapy. The half-lives of germanium-68 and gallium-68 are 271 days and 68 minutes, respectively, and that of copper-67 is 62 hours. The obtained radiopharmaceuticals will be delivered to the medical institutions in the region. Figure 5. Scheme of the VINCY Facility.

28. H3 channel H5A channel H2 channel VINCY H1 channel Nuclear reactor • Proton therapy • Therapy of tumors with protons has proven to be advantageous over therapies with other radiations, i.e., photons, electrons and neutrons. This is a consequence of the fact that, with protons, one can make the dose received by the ill tissue considerably larger than the dose received by the surrounding healthy tissue. Therapy with protons has proven to be very successful in curing malignant eye tumors. Such a tumor appears at a depth down to 4 cm and is treated conventionally by removing the eye ball. Currently in the region, patients with such tumors are treated conventionally or they are sent abroad to be cured with protons. Figure 5. Scheme of the VINCY Facility.

29. H3 channel H5A channel H2 channel VINCY H1 channel Nuclear reactor • The H1 channel of the VINCY facility will provide treatments of eye tumors with protons. The proton energies will be between 60 and 70 MeV. The therapy should be established by the Vinča Institute and the Clinic for Eye Diseases of the Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, in collaboration with the Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France. The number of treated patients will be about 150 per year and they will be coming from the region. Figure 5. Scheme of the VINCY Facility.

30. 4. New TESLA Project So far, the direct costs of construction of FAMA have been EUR 8.59 million, of the H4 Facility EUR 1.42 million, and of the VINCY Facility EUR 9.55 million. This means that the total direct costs of construction of TESLA have been EUR 19.56 million. That amount was being provided by the Government of Serbia via its ministries responsible for science and technology (EUR 14.77 million), and by the Government through the clearing debt of Russia to Serbia (EUR 4.79 million). The completion of construction of the H4 Facility to enable the production of radiopharmaceutical FDG, for PET, to be regularly delivered to the medical institutions in Serbia, should be financed by the Government of Serbia. This should be done through the loan for research and development the European Investment Bank approved to the Government in March 2010 – on the basis of the proposal the Vinča Institute submitted to the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia in September 2015.

31. The construction of TESLA should be completed through the New TESLA Project: Science, Technology and Medicine for Sustainable Development of Southeastern Europe. This should comprise the additional upgrading of FAMA, the equipping of the H4 Facility for research, development and production of other radiopharmaceuticals for PET, and the completion of construction of the VINCY Facility, as the dominant job. The corresponding estimated total direct costs are EUR 34.0 million. The New TESLA Project should be formed by the Government of Serbia and its realization financed by the European Commission. The alternative way of financing the endevor should be by Rosatom, on the basis of the memorandum of understanding the Vinča Institute and this corporation signed in June 2013.

32. The total estimated time needed for the completion of construction of TESLA is 48 months. This includes the time needed for the completion of construction of the H4 Facility to enable the production of radiopharmaceutical FDG, which is 12 months. The New TESLA Project will be realized by the Vinča Institute, a qualified company from Europe and North America, in the case of financing by the European Commission, or the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia, in the case of financing by Rosatom, and the companies from the Group for Accelerator Technologies of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Serbia. In the former case, the chosen company might be Ion Beam Applications (IBA), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, in close collaboration with AIMA Developpment, Nice, France.

33. The realization of the New TESLA Project should be managed by the Head of the Project, chosen by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development and approved by the Government of Serbia, and his or her deputy and associates. This will be going on based on the regular reports of the TESLA Advisory Committee, which will include several supreme international experts for construction of accelerators, chosen by the Ministry. The Headship of the Project should include Radomir Žikić, from the Institute of Physics, Belgrade, Petar Beličev and Srđan Petrović, from the Vinča Institute, and Ivan Videnović, from the Faculty of Physics of the University of Belgrade.

34. 5. User strategy and access policy The current and some future user groups of FAMA belong to the following institutions: • Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia • Institute of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia • University of Belgrade, Serbia • University of Novi Sad, Serbia • National Museum, Belgrade, Serbia • Gallery of Matica Srpska, Novi Sad, Serbia • Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia • Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, FY Republic of Macedonia • National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece • National Technical University of Athens, Greece • Institute of Structure of Matter, Rome, Italy • Frascati National Laboratory, Rome, Italy • École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland • Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia • Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia • University of Pretoria, South Africa • National University of Singapore

35. Radiopharmaceutical FDG, for PET, produced with the H4 Facility will be regularly distributed to the medical institutions in Serbia. Currently, the institutions already using or interested in use of this radiopharmaceutical are: • Institute of Oncology of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica • Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade • Clinical Center in Kragujevac • Clinical Center in Niš • Military Medical Academy, Belgrade • Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad

36. Further, the other radiopharmaceuticals for PET produced with the H4 Facility and the radiopharmaceuticals for PET and targeted radiotherapy produced with the VINCY Facility will be distributed to the medical institutions in Southeastern Europe. This should be going on via the Center for Nuclear Medicine of the Clinical Center of Kragujevac. In a similar way, the proton therapy treatments with the VINCY Facility will be offered to patients of the medical institutions in the region. This would be going on via the Clinic for Eye Diseases of the Clinical Center of Serbia.

37. The first user groups of the VINCY Facility and the H4 Facility should come from the following institutions: • Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia • ELEX Commerce, Belgrade, Serbia • Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia • National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece • National Technical University of Athens, Greece • BIONT, Bratislava, Slovak Republic • Frascati National Laboratory, Rome, Italy • École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland • National University of Singapore

38. The program of use of FAMA is a peer review based program with open and free access. The user community of FAMA currently includes 25 groups: 20 from Serbia, two from Russia, one from Greece, one from Italy, and one from South Africa. Since 2011, 59 articles in international journals, one chapter in international monograph and one monograph related to FAMA have been published. Besides, the use of FAMA has resulted in preparation and defending 20 MSc theses and PhD dissertations. The realization of the program of use of FAMA is reviewed by the FAMA Advisory Committee – an international expert body formed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia in April 2014. The first meeting of the Committee was held in November 2014 in the Vinča Institute. The second meeting of the Committee is planned for the fourth quarter of 2018, after the completion of upgrading of FAMA.

39. In October 2017, FAMA became a partner facility within the Central European Research Infrastructure Consortium (CERIC). This consortium now includes five large research infrastructures and four specialized laboratories. This will result in a considerable expansion of the user community of FAMA. On the other hand, researchers in Serbia have obtained an outstanding opportunity to use all the facilities and instruments comprised by CERIC in a well-regulated way.

40. The realization of the programs of use of the VINCY Facility and the H4 Facility will be reviewed by the VINCY Advisory Committee, which should be formed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development after approving the New TESLA Project, in a similar way as the FAMA Advisory Committee. The access to FAMA, the H4 Facility, and the VINCY Facility will be open and free for all the interested user groups from the region and elsewhere.

41. 6. Socio-economic impact The main objectives of the New TESLA Project have been determined to make its socio-economic impact as large as possible. They are the following: • The scientific programs of use of TESLA should crucially contribute to a revival and fast development of the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, as the largest scientific organization in Serbia. • The medical programs of use of TESLA should bring a significant improvement of diagnostics and therapy of malignant diseases in Serbia. • The programs of use of TESLA should become a unique basis for education in various fields and disciplines of science, technology and medicine on the secondary, vocational, undergraduate, postgraduate and postdoctoral levels in Serbia.

42. The completion of construction of TESLA should enable the companies from the Group for Accelerator Technologies of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Serbia enter the European and world markets and start performing there valuable high-quality jobs in the field of accelerator technologies. • The completion of construction and use of TESLA should enable Serbia develop a wide international cooperation, and, thus, contribute to restoration of its stable economic and political position in the international community, and true and permanent integration into Europe and the rest of the world. • The completion of construction and use of TESLA should enable long-term fruitful cooperation in science, technology and medicine in Southeastern Europe contributing to its sustainable development, and, hence, additionally support economic and political stabilization of the region. We think that the contents of the New TESLA Project make a successful carrying out of these objectives very challenging but realistic, primarily because of the acquired experience of the Vinča Institute in science with accelerators and accelerator technologies.

43. 7. Conclusions On the basis of the numerous facts presented here, we are asking the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of European Integration of Serbia to analyze them thoroughly and jointly propose to the Government of Serbia to form the New TESLA Project. We hope the Government will approve the proposal if it is made. Our opinion is that the crucial arguments for doing this are the following: • FAMA has recently become a partner facility within CERIC, which is one of the greatest institutional successes of Serbian science so far. • The production and regular delivery of radiopharmaceutical FDG, for PET, to the medical institutions in Serbia, which is one of the largest problems in the today's Serbian medicine, must be established as soon as possible. • The completion of construction of TESLA would be a considerable contribution to sustainable development of Southeastern Europe, which is one of the most important joint economic and political objectives of the countries of the region. As it has been explained, the financing of the endeavor should be asked for from the European Commission or Rosatom.