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Precision Management beyond Fertilizer Application Hailin Zhang

Precision Management beyond Fertilizer Application Hailin Zhang. Outline. Animal manure management Feed, forage and pasture Carbon sequestration and credits. Whole Farm Nutrient Planning. Select a Field to Apply Manure. Soil Test Phosphorus. 5. 6. x. x. /. /. /. /. 123. 1. 4. 3.

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Precision Management beyond Fertilizer Application Hailin Zhang

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  1. Precision Management beyond Fertilizer ApplicationHailin Zhang

  2. Outline • Animal manure management • Feed, forage and pasture • Carbon sequestration and credits

  3. Whole Farm Nutrient Planning

  4. Select a Field to Apply Manure Soil Test Phosphorus 5 6 x x / / / / 123 1 4 3 / / / / x 7 / 30 2 / 57 100 x 177 x x x x STP STP 0-65 250 - 400 65-120 400+ or no application 120-250

  5. Managed Outputs Meat & Milk Crops Manure Farm Boundary Nutrient Balance Nutrient Balance Inputs Feed Animals Irrigation Water Fertilizer Legume N Losses or Soil Storage

  6. Variable Manure Application

  7. Requires More Treatment for Drinking Water Supply • Decreases Recreational Value • Declined Aesthetic Quality EutrophicationImpacts: 0.02ppm D. Storm

  8. Critical Source Area P Source Transport Critical source areas for P loss from a watershed occur where areas of high soil P and transport potential coincide---Sharpley, et al., 1999

  9. Sharpley et al., 1998

  10. Smax vs. Clay & OC

  11. Sharpley et al., 1998

  12. Assessing Site Vulnerability to P Loss High soil P, no runoff High soil P and runoff Surface runoff, low soil P Saturated areas where surface runoff can occur 34-13

  13. Locations of Soil Samples Collected

  14. Rainfall Simulator and wooden boxes

  15. Management Strategies • Manipulation of Animal Diets • Adjust the amount of P supplement • Increase P availability in feed • Manure Management • Base application rates on P needs • Explore alternative uses • Soil P Management • Minimize P transport • Remove P with crop

  16. USDA-NRCS P Management Strategies • Soil test P for agronomic use: P requirements of the crop • P threshold approach: establish critical soil test P levels • P risk index approach: integrates P source and transport characteristics of a field

  17. What is a P Loss Index • The Phosphorus Loss Index is a field based planning tool that integrates soil properties, hydrology and agricultural management practices to assess the risk of P movement from soil to water

  18. Decisions based on Agronomic Soil Test P alone may inadequately address P related environmental problems. A more comprehensive approach is needed for evaluating specific soils, landscapes, and management system for potential loss of P to water bodies.

  19. The P Index consists two 4 by 5 matrix. The following are examples of those matrix recommended by the National P Working Group. Some states chose to use different weighing factors or add more components to them.

  20. Example of P Source Factors

  21. Example of P Transport Factors

  22. Interpretation of the P Loss Index Manure application rate is limited by PI, BMPs may be required if PI is high

  23. Factors Considered for P Risk Index under development in Oklahoma • Source factors • Soil test P level, manure, fertilizers • Rate and method of P application • Transport factors • Monthly runoff volume, delivery ratio, P enrichment ratio • BMPs • Distance to water bodies, cattle exclusion, alternative watering sources • Buffer strips, riparian establishment and restoration • Soil and/or amendments • Receiving water body sensitivity? • TMDL or state water quality standard

  24. Apply at Agronomic rate based on Crop N requirement • Agronomic benefits from N and P Level 1: Field-scale P Risk Index (PRI) No Soil Test P > 120? Yes Go To Level 2 Management Based on PRI

  25. How does spatial variability influence soil test P and crop response?

  26. Level 2: Field-scale Background P Loss Without P Additions Yes Additional BMPs Available? Greater Than Acceptable Loading? No No P Additions Yes No • Soluble P • Field Loading • Annual Rainfall • Surface Runoff • Land Use • Soil Properties • Soil P Status Greater Than Acceptable Loading? Total P Loss in Surface Runoff Adjust Total P Loading Yes • Sediment P Field Loading • Soil Erosion • Soil P Status • Delivery Efficiency BMP Credits No Go To Level 3

  27. N Based Poultry Litter Application Level 3: Field-scale P Loss With P Additions Level 2 Background Total P Loss Adjust Total P Loading Reduce Litter Application Yes Greater Than Acceptable Loading? Greater Than Acceptable Loading? Adjust Total P Loading Acceptable Risk No Yes BMP Credits No

  28. Vegetative Filter Strips • Reduces Surface Runoff • Increases Infiltration of Runoff and Nutrients • Promotes Sediment Deposition and Filtering • Provides Uptake of Nutrients by Plants

  29. Buffer Strip Length (ft) • Total Phosphorus • Soluble Phosphorus Phosphorus Concentration In Runoff (ppm)

  30. The Sampling Dilemma

  31. Management Pasture Efficiently

  32. Forage nitrate is variable

  33. How to measure C precisely?

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