romanticism vs science and industry

1. Industry versus romanticism .

2. The Eighteenth Century • The 18th century was a time of relative stability • 1780s-1790s: growing social and political unrest • Society plagued by bad harvests • Industrialization revealed growing disparity between rich and poor • Increasing literacy in lower classes raised hopes and expectations

3. The Nineteenth Century Century of Small Wars after 1815 • Greek War of Independence • French Revolution of 1830 • Continent-wide revolutions of 1848 • Franco-Prussian War 1870

4. Romanticism • Romanticism is the label we attach to the culture and writing of the early decades of the 19th century • Wake of the French Revolution • Universality • Aura of mystery and magic • Romantic writers wanted to bring all things to all people, linking the past with the present, the individual with the nation, Europe with the rest of humanity, the soul with the body, nature with culture

5. Realism • Realism emerged from a conviction that the social world had been set irrevocably in motion • Believed that historical change powered by social contradictions • Understood that history was also powered by lives of everyday people, not just rise and fall of royalty

6. Naturalism • Naturalism, the more pessimistic version of realism, powered the latter half of the 19th century • An accommodation to the rising authority of natural science • A delayed reaction to the failed revolutions of 1848

7. Science and Technology Scientific revolutions • Darwin: Evolution • Lister: Antiseptics • Pasteur: Pasteurization • Maxwell: electromagnetic theory of light • Mendeleyev: periodic table of elements Scientific discoveries were gradually improving the daily lives of the people: health, transportation, communication Science also source of dangerous abuses • Social Darwinism Portrait of Charles Darwin. Library of Congress.

8. Science and technology are double edged swords The science of today is the technology of tomorrow. Edward Teller Modern technologyOwes ecologyAn apology. Alan M. Eddison

9. Industrial Revolution • The first Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century. • An industrial revolution is when hand tools are replaced by factory machines, and farming is replaced by large-scale manufacturing. • An example is the making of clothes.

10. transforming technologies • Flying shuttle – 1733 • Spinning jenny – 1764 • Power loom – 1784 • Cotton gin – 1793 • Steamboat - 1807 • Mechanical reaper – 1831 • Telegraph - 1844

11. Spinning Jenny and Power Loom • Before the Industrial Revolution, clothes were made at home. • Afterwards, clothes were made by machines in factories. • Often these machines were run by children.

12. The Lowell Mills Hire Women • In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell built a factory in eastern Massachusetts, near the Concord River. • The factory spun cotton into yarn and wove the cotton into cloth. • Something was different about this factory, they hired women. • The “Lowell girls” lived in company-owned boardinghouses. • The girls worked over 12 hours a day in deafening noise.

13. The Lowell Girls • Young women came to Lowell in spite of the noise. • They came for the good wages: between two and four dollars a week. • The girls usually only worked for a few years until they married.

14. Interchangeable Parts • The first use of interchangeable parts was created by inventor Eli Whitney. • Before this time, guns were made one at a time. Each gun was different. • If a part broke, a new part had to be created. • Whitney created muskets with exactly the same parts, so any part would fit any gun. • The use of interchangeable parts sped up production, made repairs easier, and allowed the use of lower-paid, less skilled workers.

15. Steamboat • Robert Fulton designed a steam engine for a steamboat that could move against the current of a river or against the wind. • The steamboat created more opportunities for trade and transportation on rivers.

16. The cotton gin • Inventory Eli Whitney also invented the cotton gin. • The gin took the seeds out of the cotton, which was much faster than doing it by hand. • The cotton gin also greatly expanded the need for slaves.

17. The Telegraph - 1844 • The telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse. • This machine sent long and short pulses of electricity along a wire. • With the telegraph, it took only seconds to communicate with another city. • The invention of the steamboat and telegraph brought the people of the nation closer to each other.

18. Cyrus McCormick and the reaper - 1831 • Cyrus McCormick invented a mechanical reaper, cut grain from the fields. • This allowed farmers to plant much more seed because they could harvest it easier.

19. New Technologies help nations grow • With new farm equipment, Midwestern farmers grew food to feed Northeastern factory workers. • Midwestern farmers became a market for Northeastern manufactured goods like cloth. • The growth of the textile factories increased the demand for Southern cotton. • This led to the expansion of slavery.

20. questions • Describe the impact of the telegraph and steamboat on American expansion. • What inventions and factors led to a rapid growth of slavery in the South? • Contrast romanticism with industrialization and new technologies • Are science and technology always good? Why or why not?