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Chapter 12: America and World War II

Chapter 12: America and World War II. 1941 - 1945. Section 1: Mobilizing for War. Industry: Because FDR had already partially mobilized the economy... it was easier to truly mobilize the country, economy, and military quickly FDR gave incentives to industry No more biding for contracts

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Chapter 12: America and World War II

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  1. Chapter 12:America and World War II 1941 - 1945

  2. Section 1: Mobilizing for War Industry: • Because FDR had already partially mobilized the economy... it was easier to truly mobilize the country, economy, and military quickly • FDR gave incentives to industry • No more biding for contracts • NOW- cost-plus contracts • Pay production cost + % of costs as profit • More you make, faster you make it → more profit you get • $$$ Expensive system, BUT got jeeps and tanks out quickly because of transformation of auto industry • Auto industry manufacture 1/3 of military equip. during war

  3. Financing the War • Reconstruction Finance Corporation • Loans to companies to help them convert to producing war goods • War Production Board (WPB) • Set priorities and production goals for raw materials and supplies • Supervised production of $185 billion in military weapons and supplies in 3 years; dysfunctional • Office of War Mobilization (OWM) handled disputes

  4. Military Mobilization • Selective Service and Training Act (June 1940) • Peacetime draft • Draftees outnumbered supplies and facilities

  5. Double V Campaign • ”Double V” for African Americans • Victory in War, Victory over Segregation (at home) and Racism abroad (remember Jesse Owens?) • In segregated units, often w/ white cmdrs • Separated for everything • Often given non-combat jobs • Pittsburgh Courier “Double V” campaign • 99th Pursuit Squadron- Tuskegee Airman • They were sent into combat, as were other Af. Amer. units later in the war • 1943-military bases integrated • 1948-military fully integrated

  6. Women in the War • Women join the military! • Often administrative and clerical jobs • *to release a man for combat • WAAC's (auxiliary corps) → later WAC's (army) • WAVE's (Navy)- WASP's (Air) • Could move planes across Atlantic, nurses, transport, lab techs + more

  7. Section 2:The Early Battles: Japan • Right after attacking Pearl Harbor, Japan attacked airfields in Philippines. • 2 days later J. landed. • Amer. and Filipinos outnumbered. • MacArthur forced to retreat (he left!). • Bataan Death March- 65 miles. 78,000 marched. 24,000 died. • May 1942-Philippines fell.

  8. The Early Battles: Japan • Doolittle’s Raid- April 18, 1942 • Bombs fell on Japan • B- 25s had to land in China • Japan changed strategy • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaDBEE2fe0k&feature=related • Problem for Japan: We had broken Japanese code! Key to our successes! • Get control of S. coast of New Guinea. • Cut off Amer. supply lines to Australia • 3 carriers assigned to the mission

  9. Pacific Theatre • Battle of the Coral Sea (1st battle in history fought entirely from aircraft carriers.) • Lexington sank • Yorktown crippled • But Japan called off landing on New Guinea.  • Early May, 1942

  10. Pacific Theatre • Japanese Plan: Take Midway Island • Last Amer. base in No. Pacific • West of Hawaii. • Lure Amer. to attack and then annihilate them • All other carriers sent to Midway. • Battle of Midway • U.S. was waiting. • 1st Wave - J. attacked island. • Ak- ak guns ready. 38 planes down. • 2nd wave - U.S. countered. • Planes caught J. w/ fuel, bombs exposed on board. Sank 3 carriers w/in minutes • *Major turning point • June 1942 • J. Navy lost 4 of its largest carriers, stopped J. advance in Pacific • 362 Amer.; 3,057 J. dead

  11. In Europe • Vs. Germany: • Stalin wanted a western front, but Churchill and FDR decided to attack the periphery instead • → Invade Morocco and Algeria (Africa!) • U.S./Brit. plan: Morocco, why? • 1. Give troops experience • 2. Help Brits. hold on to Suez Canal (vital for supplies and materials)

  12. African Front • Germans under Rommel (the Desert Fox) • Brilliant strategist, although... forced to retreat • U.S. Under Patton- also brilliant • Problems/Challenges w/ Desert Warfare • hot and dry, sandstorms, • when wet → impassable, • high visibility, tanks made huge dust clouds • critters • Nov. 1942- • U.S. Captured Casablanca Algiers, • went E. into Tunisia; • Brit. went W. into Libya. • Plan: Trap Rommel

  13. 1st U.S. Battle vs. German Forces • Battle of Kasserine pass. • 7,000 casualties; lost 200 tanks • But, U.S. and Brit. persisted. • May 13, 1943 • Last Ger. Forces in Africa surrendered

  14. Battle of the Atlantic • German subs picking on cargo ships • Oil and gas hit hard, rationed → long oil pipeline built • Convoy system-improved success • Built lots of ships to replace losses

  15. Stalingrad Ger. vs. USSR: • Stalingrad • Hitler felt only way to defeat USSR was by hitting their economy • May 1942- ordered army to • Capture oil fields, industries and farmlands in S. Russia and Ukraine • Attack Stalingrad- major RR, Volga R. • Entered Stalingrad in Mid- Sept. • Had to hold ground at all costs. Lost thousands fighting house to house • Nov- Soviet reinforcements arrived. • Trapped 250,000 Gers. • Battle end in Jan. • 91,000 Ger. surrendered, but only 5,000 of them survived Gulags, etc. • *Turning point- Put Germans the defensive.

  16. Section 3:Life on the Home Front For Women: • “Rosie the Riveter” • Women now did traditionally male manufacturing jobs • ”I can make money.” • ”I can do things I never thought I could do.” • → permanently changed workplace

  17. Home Front: Hispanics • 1942-1964 Bracero Program • farmers in SW had labor shortage • 1942-Bracero Program brought Mex. farm-workers in to help w/harvest • 200,000 came 1st year., • Zoot Suit Riots • pg. 590, • → excessive material in the clothing = “unpatriotic” • rumors of attacks → sailors and soldiers attacked Mex. Amer. neighborhoods and zoot suits outlawed in LA

  18. Home Front: African Americans • A. Philip Randolph threatened a march on D.C. to demand jobs for African Americans • → FDR issued Exec. Order 8802 = “No racial discrimination in workplace” • but...still- last hired, first fired • severe housing discrimination • Great Migration resumed

  19. Home Front: For Everyone • War created new jobs • Doubled avg. family income • Migration • Prices rose, short supply • Rationing → meat, sugar, gas, rubber, etc. • Blue and Red coupons • Victory gardens • Recycling • Collection of vital items • Blackouts • War bonds, e-bonds

  20. Japanese-American Relocation • West Coast problems- fear/ suspicion of Japanese Americans • FDR caved in to pressure- Executive order 9066, removed all Japanese- Amer. on West Coast to internment camps

  21. 10 of them: CA, AZ, UT, ID, WY, CO, AR

  22. Conditions in the Camps • Lived in horse barns, cramped conditions • Food lines -”foreign” food -ignorance/ignoring customs • Lost houses, businesses, etc. in home cities

  23. Korematsu vs. United States • went to Sup. Ct. • relocation was constitutional b/c it was based on “military urgency”- not race • Italian and German immigrants also harassed, lost jobs, had curfews, police searches, forced relocation, internment

  24. Racism Everywhere! • Italian and German immigrants also harassed, lost jobs, had curfews, police searches, forced relocation, internment • Propaganda

  25. The Other Side of the Story… • But many minorities served in military • All-Japanese 100th Battalion- integrated into the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (most highly decorated unit in WWII) • Navajo Code Talkers • Mex-Americans fought in all theatres

  26. Section 4:Pushing the Axis Back • Tehran Conference • Iran • Late 1943 • Plans: • Invade France • Break up Ger. after war • USSR help vs. Japan • UN for after war

  27. Strategy for the Pacific • 1.Island hopping to Japan • 2. MacArthur's troops go thru Solomon Islands, capture N Coast of New Guinea, retake Phil.s

  28. Ctrl Pacific Island Hopping Problems • Problem- many islands are coral reef atolls. Makes amphibious landing difficult and dangerous • Boats get struck, soldiers wade to shore. • Ex.- Tarawa Atoll, Central Pacific under Nimitz • Amphibious landing • At least 20 ships ran aground • 1,000 died (5,000 landed).

  29. Amphibious Assault Vehicles • Success w/ LVT- a boat w/ tank tracks • “The Alligator”- amphibious tractor- amphtrac • Several different models • Then Kwajalein Atoll • Landing with all amphtracs - much better

  30. Ctrl Pacific Marianas • Gained Marshall Islands, then onto the • Marianas • U.S. invaded Saipan, Tinian, Guam • June - Aug. 1944 • We controlled; used as bases for B-29’s in order to launch bombing runs on Japan

  31. Southwestern Pacific • SW Pacific under MacArthur • Guadalcanal -Aug. '42- early '43- Rabawl- Japanese Base • Hollandia - on N. coast of New Guinea • Morotai - last stop before Phil.s

  32. I told you I would return! SW Pacific Leyte Gulf • Philippines • We goofed! • Largest naval battle in history • 3-4 days • Oct. 1944 • 1st Kamikaze attacks • “Divine winds” • March 1945: MacArthur captured Manila. • Guerrilla warfare til end of war.

  33. Casablanca Conference • Jan, '43 • FDR and Churchill • Decide upon “Sicily and bombing of Germany”as strategy to hopefully end the war

  34. Next Phase in War: Europe • On Germany • Step up bombing of Strategic points, (military, industrial, economic system) • → oil shortage, wrecked RR system, destroyed aircraft factories, allied total control of air (before D-Day) on “the soft underbelly”- invading Sicily • In approx. 1 month, w/ Patton and tanks from West; Montgomery, from South: Ger. surr. • Attack on Sicily = crisis in Italy. • King had Mussolini arrested; negotiated w/ Allies for surrender. • Ger. fight but Italy fell- May 2, 1945, hard to keep control

  35. Operation Overlord • Eisenhower in ctrl. • Invade at Normandy, France • D-Day- June 6th, 1944 • In favor- Low tide at dawn, moonlight, break in weather, sm. window of opportunity • Timing is bad- heavy cloud cover, strong winds, high waves • 7,000 ships, 100,000 troops, 23,000 paratroopers, 13,000 aircraft, 11,912 tons of explosives

  36. Beaches • Utah – went rather smoothly, sandy beach which made German defenses weaker; there was a wall on the beach; 23,000 landed • Omaha – 34,000 + were to land, BUT decimated (cliffs, misinformation about who was there) • Amer, Brit, France (naval support) • 10 ships sunk before arriving • Lost 50+ tanks before nightfall • Losses: 1200 German; 9,387 (+1557 MIA) by nightfall

  37. Gold – 25,000 landed; pushed Nazis back 6 miles by nightfall • Sword – British Infantry Division; 29,000 men, 223 tanks; German defense was weak; Panzers counter-attacked • Juno – 359 Allied died; Canadians and UK. • U.S., Brit, Canadian forces suffered high casualties, but invasion successful! Allowed ground and air presence in France; went inland from there.

  38. Section 5:The War Ends • We advanced in France, but tough going! • French Resistance: • Staged a rebellion in Paris • Acts of sabotage on • German holdings in Fr. • Railroads • Factories • Collected intelligence

  39. Battle of the Bulge Nuts! • We won! • 100,000 German casualties • Lost tanks, aircraft •  Germans left with little to prevent allies from entering Germany • Dec. 16, 1944 – Jan. 16, 1945

  40. Soviets Pester Germany • USSR picked on German troops in Soviet Union •  Drove Germany back across Poland •  U.S. and USSR troops squeezed German troops in Germany

  41. FDR Dies • April 12th, 1945 • Truman sworn in • VE Day within a month • Fight with Japan, however, only intensifying

  42. Hitler Commits Suicide • Suicide on April 30th/ May 1st • Successor tried to surrender to U.S., Gr. Brit. • Eisenhower replied “Unconditional Surrender” • May 7th, 1945: Surrender • May 8th, 1945: VE Day (Victory in Europe Day)

  43. To End the War with Japan • Bombing Japan, but not accurate enough to cause enough damage. • Need a closer base = Iwo Jima • Nasty topography • Japanese had great defenses • 6,800 Marines died • 19 February–26 March 1945 • “Operation Detachment “

  44. Napalm Bombs on Tokyo • Napalm bombs on Tokyo • 80,000 died; 250,000 bldgs. Destroyed • By June of 1945, 6 most important industrial cities been firebombed; • 67 cities hit by end of war

  45. Okinawa • Belief…Japan won’t surrender until it is invaded. • U.S. goes for Okinawa • 1 April – 21 June 1945 • Japan had fortified mountains • 12,000 Americans died by June 22, 1945

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