Cells! Who wants some?!

1. Cells! Who wants some?! Not that type, but this kind… A cell is the basic unit of life

2. But first, a brief history of the cell… Robert Hooke, an Englishman, was looking at cork through a basic microscope and saw tiny chambers which he called “cells”. This occurred in 1665. Close to the same time, a Dutch tradesman, named van Leeuwenhoek (LEE-van-hook) used a microscope to observe living, one-celled creatures in drinking water. Yum. He called them “animalcules”.

3. More observations… 1) Living things are composed of cells. • Finally in the 1800’s, after the scientific community observed and recorded cell activities, they concluded this-The Cell Theory: 2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things. 3) Cells come from other cells

4. Cell Theory and Discovery • Cell Discovery • Many scientists contributed to the discovery of cells and the cell theory.

5. Cells … cork Looked like rooms in a monastery. 1665 1674 1) Improved lens 2) ‘animalcules’ 1676 3) Discovered bacteria 1683

6. 1838 Plants made of cells 1839 Animals made of cells 1855 Cells come from cells

7. PRO – NO - Prokaryotic NO Nucleus EU it’s truethey DO have a nucleus EU – TRUE - Eukaryotic

8. Prokaryotes These fellahs, despite their simplicity, carryout activities like any other living creature; in fact, they grow, reproduce, respond to their environment and can move. They are older and smaller than Eukaryotes.

9. The Prokaryotes • Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes • Key: have genetic material that is not contained in the nucleus • Less “complicated” than eukaryotes but still carry out all aspects of “life” • Do not have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, ER, Golgi-bodies, etc. • Bacteria are prokaryotes

10. Some Prokaryotic Examples

11. Eukaryotes These contain internal structures wrapped in a membrane. Think: tiny organs, or, organelles. Some eukaryotes live as single-celled organisms; others form large, multicellular organisms like plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

12. My Friends the Eukaryotes • You are made of Eukaryotic cells!!! • Usually contain dozens of structures and internal membranes • Key: Contain a nucleus in which genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell • Can be highly specialized • Much larger and more complex than prokaryotes • Can be single celled or multicellular: humans, hamsters, venus fly traps, etc.

13. Some of our Eukaryotic friends

14. Cell Types

15. What is an organelle • Membrane bound structure that has a specific function or job to do in eukaryotic cells • They’re not in Prokaryotes! (bacteria) • Plant cells have an organelle that animals don’t • Animals have one organelle plants don’t.

16. Plant vs Animal VS

17. Plant Cell

18. Animal Cell

19. Nucleus • Control Center • Contains nearly all DNA – instructions for making proteins and other important molecules • Surrounded by nuclear envelope/membrane • Dotted with nuclear pores = stuff in and out • Key processes: Controls metabolism of cell, control Cell division, proteinsynthesis

20. Chromosome • (The Data) … all the directions • (DNA)

21. Nucleolus • Nucleolus – small dense region inside nucleus. Ribosomes are made here.

22. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Transportation • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) • Covered in ribosomes (rough) • Makes and transports proteins, especially membrane proteins • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) • Synthesis (make) of membrane lipids • Contain enzymes that can detoxification of drugs – Liver has lots of SER’s Notice how the E.R. is attached to the nucleus …. Like the ‘hallways’

24. Smooth and Rough ER Key process: Transportation of molecules

25. Ribosomes! • Protein Factory • Proteins are assembled on these organelles by following coded instructions from the nucleus Key process: Proteinsynthesis

26. review! Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Pores ER Nucleus Ribosomes

27. Golgi Apparatus • Packaging Center • Modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage or secretion.

28. Key processes: Packaging and sorting of proteins http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/vesiclebudding.html http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp04/0402002.html

29. Mitochondria • Power House • Convert chemical energy stored in food to a form a cell can use (ATP) during the process of cellular respiration. • Contain own ‘Mitochondrial DNA’ • Has double membrane Key process: Cellular respiration C6H12O6 + O2 H2O +CO2 + ATP

30. Chloroplast • Food Factory • Only in plants – Contains chlorophyll • Captures energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy by a process called photosynthesis  • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight)   C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Glucose Key process: Photosynthesis

31. Plastids - Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts and Leucoplasts • Chromoplasts contain carotenoids that give flowers, fruit and autumn leaves their orange, yellow and red colors. • Leucoplasts store starch and other molecules for the cell. Many in potato cells. Process - Storage

32. Mitochondria/Chloroplasts • These two utilize energy from food and the sun respectively and convert it into energy the cell can use.

33. Cytoskeleton Process = support • Cell Framework • A network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape

34. Vacuoles • Storage Facility • Plants have big vacuoles, animal cells many small vacuoles. • Store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates • In plants, there is a large vacuole which helps with maintaining pressure (turgor pressure) • Allows plant to support heavy loads like leaves and branches

35. Lysosome • Waste Management • In animal cells ONLY • Have enzymes used to break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins • breaking down old organelles – even old cells can be broken down in a process called autolysis. • Sometimes called suicide sacs. Process - Digestion

36. Cell boundaries aka cell membrane • Cell membrane regulates what enters/leaves the cell. Process - Osmosis

37. 2 Layers of phosholipids studded with proteins = “fluid mosaic model” http://www.susanahalpine.com/anim/Life/memb.htm

38. Process = Support And protection Cell Wall • Castle Wall • Only in Plant Cells • Provides support an protection for cell • Mostly made of cellulose • Cellulose is the key component of wood and paper

39. Centrioles Only in animal cells. Plays a role during cell division. Assist in the making of cilia and flagella. Process – Cell division

40. Come on baby let’s do the locomotion…… • Flagella • Cilia

41. Plant Cell Animal Cell

42. Animal Cells Plant Cells Journal Compare an Animal and Plant cell using the following: Cell membrane, Nucleus, ER, Mitochondria, Centrioles, Vacuoles, Golgi body, Plastids, Ribosomes, Cell wall, Lysosome