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Explore the fascinating world of cells, from the early observations by Robert Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek to the modern Cell Theory. Learn about the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, their functions, and roles in living organisms. Discover the key organelles such as the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, and understand the processes like protein synthesis and cellular respiration. Dive into the intricate world of plant and animal cells, their structures, and functions. Uncover the mysteries of cell types and the essential processes that keep life thriving.
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Cells! Who wants some?! Not that type, but this kind… A cell is the basic unit of life
But first, a brief history of the cell… Robert Hooke, an Englishman, was looking at cork through a basic microscope and saw tiny chambers which he called “cells”. This occurred in 1665. Close to the same time, a Dutch tradesman, named van Leeuwenhoek (LEE-van-hook) used a microscope to observe living, one-celled creatures in drinking water. Yum. He called them “animalcules”.
More observations… 1) Living things are composed of cells. • Finally in the 1800’s, after the scientific community observed and recorded cell activities, they concluded this-The Cell Theory: 2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things. 3) Cells come from other cells
Cell Theory and Discovery • Cell Discovery • Many scientists contributed to the discovery of cells and the cell theory.
Cells … cork Looked like rooms in a monastery. 1665 1674 1) Improved lens 2) ‘animalcules’ 1676 3) Discovered bacteria 1683
1838 Plants made of cells 1839 Animals made of cells 1855 Cells come from cells
PRO – NO - Prokaryotic NO Nucleus EU it’s truethey DO have a nucleus EU – TRUE - Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes These fellahs, despite their simplicity, carryout activities like any other living creature; in fact, they grow, reproduce, respond to their environment and can move. They are older and smaller than Eukaryotes.
The Prokaryotes • Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes • Key: have genetic material that is not contained in the nucleus • Less “complicated” than eukaryotes but still carry out all aspects of “life” • Do not have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, ER, Golgi-bodies, etc. • Bacteria are prokaryotes
Eukaryotes These contain internal structures wrapped in a membrane. Think: tiny organs, or, organelles. Some eukaryotes live as single-celled organisms; others form large, multicellular organisms like plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
My Friends the Eukaryotes • You are made of Eukaryotic cells!!! • Usually contain dozens of structures and internal membranes • Key: Contain a nucleus in which genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell • Can be highly specialized • Much larger and more complex than prokaryotes • Can be single celled or multicellular: humans, hamsters, venus fly traps, etc.
What is an organelle • Membrane bound structure that has a specific function or job to do in eukaryotic cells • They’re not in Prokaryotes! (bacteria) • Plant cells have an organelle that animals don’t • Animals have one organelle plants don’t.
Nucleus • Control Center • Contains nearly all DNA – instructions for making proteins and other important molecules • Surrounded by nuclear envelope/membrane • Dotted with nuclear pores = stuff in and out • Key processes: Controls metabolism of cell, control Cell division, proteinsynthesis
Chromosome • (The Data) … all the directions • (DNA)
Nucleolus • Nucleolus – small dense region inside nucleus. Ribosomes are made here.
Endoplasmic Reticulum • Transportation • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) • Covered in ribosomes (rough) • Makes and transports proteins, especially membrane proteins • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) • Synthesis (make) of membrane lipids • Contain enzymes that can detoxification of drugs – Liver has lots of SER’s Notice how the E.R. is attached to the nucleus …. Like the ‘hallways’
Smooth and Rough ER Key process: Transportation of molecules
Ribosomes! • Protein Factory • Proteins are assembled on these organelles by following coded instructions from the nucleus Key process: Proteinsynthesis
review! Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Pores ER Nucleus Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus • Packaging Center • Modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage or secretion.
Key processes: Packaging and sorting of proteins http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/vesiclebudding.html http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp04/0402002.html
Mitochondria • Power House • Convert chemical energy stored in food to a form a cell can use (ATP) during the process of cellular respiration. • Contain own ‘Mitochondrial DNA’ • Has double membrane Key process: Cellular respiration C6H12O6 + O2 H2O +CO2 + ATP
Chloroplast • Food Factory • Only in plants – Contains chlorophyll • Captures energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy by a process called photosynthesis • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Glucose Key process: Photosynthesis
Plastids - Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts and Leucoplasts • Chromoplasts contain carotenoids that give flowers, fruit and autumn leaves their orange, yellow and red colors. • Leucoplasts store starch and other molecules for the cell. Many in potato cells. Process - Storage
Mitochondria/Chloroplasts • These two utilize energy from food and the sun respectively and convert it into energy the cell can use.
Cytoskeleton Process = support • Cell Framework • A network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape
Vacuoles • Storage Facility • Plants have big vacuoles, animal cells many small vacuoles. • Store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates • In plants, there is a large vacuole which helps with maintaining pressure (turgor pressure) • Allows plant to support heavy loads like leaves and branches
Lysosome • Waste Management • In animal cells ONLY • Have enzymes used to break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins • breaking down old organelles – even old cells can be broken down in a process called autolysis. • Sometimes called suicide sacs. Process - Digestion
Cell boundaries aka cell membrane • Cell membrane regulates what enters/leaves the cell. Process - Osmosis
2 Layers of phosholipids studded with proteins = “fluid mosaic model” http://www.susanahalpine.com/anim/Life/memb.htm
Process = Support And protection Cell Wall • Castle Wall • Only in Plant Cells • Provides support an protection for cell • Mostly made of cellulose • Cellulose is the key component of wood and paper
Centrioles Only in animal cells. Plays a role during cell division. Assist in the making of cilia and flagella. Process – Cell division
Come on baby let’s do the locomotion…… • Flagella • Cilia
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Animal Cells Plant Cells Journal Compare an Animal and Plant cell using the following: Cell membrane, Nucleus, ER, Mitochondria, Centrioles, Vacuoles, Golgi body, Plastids, Ribosomes, Cell wall, Lysosome