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DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis Chapters 9, 10

Delve into the intricate world of DNA, RNA, & protein synthesis with detailed explanations on structure, replication, transcription, translation, mutations, and more.

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DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis Chapters 9, 10

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  1. DNA, RNA, &Protein SynthesisChapters 9, 10

  2. DNA-DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE: • DOUBLE HELIX (SPIRAL LADDER) • MADE OF NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS • PHOSPHATE • SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE) • NUCLEOTIDE BASE (A,T,C OR G) • THE “HANDRAILS” OF THE LADDER ARE THE SUGAR & PHOSPHATE • THE “STEPS” ARE THE BASES PAIRED UP

  3. BASE PAIRING • The order of nucleotides creates a code • Different for every living thing • Even identical twins have some differences in their codes

  4. BASE PAIRING • DNA IS LIKE THE RECIPE BOOK IN THE CELL “FACTORY” • IT IS LOCATED IN THE NUCLEUS (MAIN OFFICE) OF THE CELL. • IT HAS SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR EVERY CELL IN YOUR BODY. • ONLY THE “PAGES” OR PARTS OF THE INSTRUCTIONS NEEDED BY A PARTICULAR CELL ARE ACTUALLY USED. EX: THE DNA IN YOUR SKIN CELL HAS ALL OF THE INSTRUCTIONS BUT THE ONLY PART THAT IS USED IS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING SKIN.

  5. DNA ReplicationMaking more DNA • WHEN NEW CELLS OR “FACTORIES” ARE NEEDED, THE DNA IS THE FIRST THING TO BE COPIED. IT OCCURS IN THE FOLLOWING STEPS: • THE DNA LADDER “UNZIPS” • FREE NUCLEOTIDES FLOATING IN THE NUCLEUS PAIR UP WITH THEIR COMPLIMENTS (A-T, C-G) • THIS CONTINUES IN SEVERAL POINTS ALONG THE LADDER UNTIL THE COPYING IS COMPLETE

  6. DNA ReplicationMaking more DNA • THE 2 NEW LADDERS EACH CONTAIN ONE OLD STRAND AND ONE NEW STRAND.

  7. RNA - Ribonucleic Acid RNA STRUCTURE: • NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS • PHOSPHATE GROUP • SUGAR (RIBOSE) • NUCLEOTIDE BASE (A, U, C or G) • SINGLE STRAND (ONE SIDE OF A LADDER)

  8. RNA – 3 types FUNCTIONS: • TO CARRY A SINGLE DIRECTION (RECIPE) TO THE RIBOSOMES (mRNA) • TO BRING THE AMINO ACIDS (INGREDIENTS) TO THE RIBOSOME ACCORDING TO THE RECIPE (tRNA) • TO BIND THE AMINO ACIDS (INGREDIENTS) TOGETHER TO MAKE PROTEIN-OR THE CANDY IN OUR FACTORY. (rRNA)

  9. RNA TRANSCRIPTION:copying the DNA code to mRNA • DNA “UNZIPS”- ONLY THE PORTION NEEDED • FREE NUCLEOTIDES PAIR WITH THEIR COMPLEMENTS • ONLY A PORTION OF ONE SIDE OF THE DNA LADDER IS COPIED • THE MESSENGER RNA PEELS OFF THE DNA TEMPLATE AND LEAVES THE NUCLEUS TO GO TO THE RIBOSOME

  10. Translation:Using mRNA to Make a Protein • Ribosome “reads” the recipe from the mRNA codon • tRNA molecules bring the amino acids in the correct order according to the codon • Every 3 bases codes for a particular amino acid • Look up the codon on the chart to find amino acid • Amino acid sequence determines the type of protein

  11. Translation:Using mRNA to Make a Protein Summary: DNA is found in nucleus mRNA is made in the nucleus from DNA template mRNA carries the message to the ribosome Protein is made using mRNA code like a “recipe” and amino acids as “ingredients”

  12. Translation:Using mRNA to Make a Protein A sequence of DNA contains the code: AAT TCC TGC What would be the amino acid sequence? 1.transcribe: UUA AGG ACG 2.Look up codons on table 3. Leu (leucine) Arg (arginine) Thr (threonine)

  13. What is the amino acid sequence for the DNA strand:ATG TTA TAT GAG ? A. TYR ASN ILE LEU B. MET LEU TYR GLU C. MET TYR ASN ILE STOP D. TYR ASN LEU ILE

  14. Mutations • Sometimes a mistake happens during replication: • The wrong base pairs up (substitution) • An extra base is inserted (insertion) • A base is deleted (deletion)

  15. Mutations • If the mutation occurs in a portion of DNA that the cell needs, a genetic defect is caused • If the mutation occurs in a portion of DNA not needed by the particular cell, no effect.

  16. All of the following are subunits of a nucleotide except which? • A. Phosphate • B. Sugar • C. Lipid • D. Base

  17. Which part of the DNA molecule (“ladder”) contains the sugar and phosphate? • A. the “steps” of the ladder • B. Nucleotide bases • C. Double strands • D. the “handrails” of the ladder

  18. What is the role (job) of DNA? • A. making sugars • B. breaking down sugars • C. modifying proteins • D. giving directions to the cell

  19. If a scientist compared the DNA sequence of a human, a dog, and a tree, she would find the two most similar sequences would be from the dog and the human. • True or False?

  20. What ensures that the DNA code is copied correctly each time? • A. bases pair up A-T, C-G • B. subunits align • C. the “ladder” unzips • D. phosphates and sugars pair up

  21. RNA can be found in 3 places. These include all but which of the following? • A. ribosomes • B. cytoplasm • C. nucleus • D. vacuoles

  22. Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA? • A. DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose • B. DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil • C. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded • D. All of the above are differences between DNA and RNA

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