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Understanding Pasteurellaceae Family: A Guide to Haemophilus and Actinobacillus Pathogens

Delve into the world of Pasteurellaceae family pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, known for their impact on human health. Explore their characteristics, diseases they cause, and differentials. Unravel the significance of Haemophilus infections and the development of vaccines. Gain insights into the prevalence and incidence rates of these pathogens in various age groups. Be informed about Actinobacillus species and their association with human diseases.

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Understanding Pasteurellaceae Family: A Guide to Haemophilus and Actinobacillus Pathogens

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  1. Pasteurellaceae

  2. Human Pathogens • Haemophilus influenzae • Haemophilus ducreyi • Oppurtunists: • Haemophilus parainfluenzae • Haemophilus spp. • Pasteurella multocida • Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

  3. Pasteurellaceae General Overview • Taxonomic Confusion inFamily Pasteurellaceae • Three Genera: • Haemophilus: Most Common in Human Disease • Actinobacillus • Pasteurella • Haemophilus • Common Characteristics of Family • Small (0.2 x 0.3-2.0 mm) Gram-negative Nonmotile bacilli • Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic • Fastidious growth requirements

  4. Pasteurellaceae Differential Characteristics • X factor = hemin (hematin) • V factor = (NAD or NADP) • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

  5. Haemophilus

  6. Haemophilus General Overview • Gram-negative bacilli liking blood (as per genus name) • Obligate Parasites of Man and Animals • Major pathogens for which humans are natural hosts • Haemophilus influenzae • Acute pyogenic, normally invasive infections • Chronic infections with H. influenzae as 2o pathogen • Haemophilus ducreyi • True pathogen (i.e., not found in healthy individuals) • STD; Soft chancre (chancroid)

  7. Haemophilus Diseases

  8. Haemophilus Infections (see others in text) PRP = polyribitol phosphate

  9. Haemophilus Infections (cont.) • NOTE: • Polysaccharide PRP is weakly immunogenic • Pediatric immunity not mature for processing polysaccharide antigens until ~18 months • Conjugated Vaccine: PRP conjugated to protein carrier induces protective immunity (carriers may include: diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid or meningococcal OMP)

  10. Haemophilus influenzae Incidence (per 100,000) NOTE: Dramatic decrease in children <5 years; remains constant in older children

  11. Haemophilus influenzae Diseases

  12. Haemophilus ducreyi Incidence

  13. Actinobacillus

  14. Actinobacillus General Overview • Slow-growing; Small; Gram-negative Bacilli • Facultatively Anaerobic • Require CO2for growth on chocolate or blood agar • Three Species of Actinobacillus Associated with Human Disease • Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is: • Most serious pathogen of genus • Hyperadherent in vitro and on damaged heart valves • Commonly isolated with Actinomyces -comitansisLatin for “accompanying” • Normal oropharyngeal flora in 20% of healthy people

  15. Actinobacillus Diseases Juvenile & adult Subacute Human

  16. Pasteurella

  17. Pasteurella General Overview • Small; Gram-negative; Fermentative Pleomorphic Coccobacilli • Facultatively Anaerobic • Therefore infects sutured bites or scratches • Pasteurella multocida: • Most common human pathogen • Domestic pets serve as major reservoir • Commensals in upper respiratory tract of dogs,cats,etc. • Human infection often related to animal bites or scratches or shared food (and you wondered why that lady was buying so much cat food --- it’s cheaper!)

  18. Pasteurella DIseases • Three Forms of Disease • Localized cellulitis and lymphadenitis following animal bite or scratch • In patients with underlying lung dysfunction, worsening of chronic pulmonary disease from aspiration of organisms colonizing patient’s oropharynx • Systemic infection in immunocompromised • Liver disease patients at highest risk

  19. Pasteurella Diseases (cont.) Animal scratch or

  20. REVIEW of Pasteurellaceae

  21. Pasteurellaceae Differential Characteristics • X factor = hemin (hematin) • V factor = (NAD or NADP) • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide REVIEW

  22. Review of Haemophilus

  23. Haemophilus General Overview • Gram-negative bacilli liking blood (as per genus name) • Obligate Parasites of Man and Animals • Major pathogens for which humans are natural hosts • Haemophilus influenzae • Acute pyogenic, normally invasive infections • Chronic infections with H. influenzae as 2o pathogen • Haemophilus ducreyi • True pathogen (i.e., not found in healthy individuals) • STD; Soft chancre (chancroid) REVIEW

  24. Haemophilus Diseases REVIEW

  25. Haemophilus Infections (see others in text) PRP = polyribitol phosphate REVIEW

  26. Haemophilus Infections (cont.) • NOTE: • Polysaccharide PRP is weakly immunogenic • Pediatric immunity not mature for processing polysaccharide antigens until ~18 months • Conjugated Vaccine: PRP conjugated to protein carrier induces protective immunity (carriers may include: diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid or meningococcal OMP) REVIEW

  27. Haemophilus influenzae Incidence (per 100,000) • NOTE: Dramatic decrease • inchildren <5 years • following use of PRP • conjugated vaccine; • Disease rate remains • constant in older children REVIEW

  28. Haemophilus ducreyi Incidence REVIEW

  29. Review of Actinobacillus

  30. Actinobacillus General Overview • Slow-growing; Small; Gram-negative Bacilli • Facultatively Anaerobic • Require CO2for growth on chocolate or blood agar • Three Species of Actinobacillus Associated with Human Disease • Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is: • Most serious pathogen of genus • Hyperadherent in vitro and on damaged heart valves • Commonly isolated with Actinomyces -comitansisLatin for “accompanying” • Normal oropharyngeal flora in 20% of healthy people REVIEW

  31. Actinobacillus Diseases Juvenile & adult Subacute Human REVIEW

  32. Review of Pasteurella

  33. Pasteurella General Overview • Small; Gram-negative; Fermentative Pleomorphic Coccobacilli • Facultatively Anaerobic • Therefore infects sutured bites or scratches • Pasteurella multocida: • Most common human pathogen • Domestic pets serve as major reservoir • Commensals in upper respiratory tract of dogs,cats,etc. • Human infection often related to animal bites or scratches or shared food (and you wondered why that lady was buying so much cat food --- it’s cheaper!) REVIEW

  34. Pasteurella DIseases • Three Forms of Disease • Localized cellulitis and lymphadenitis following animal bite or scratch • In patients with underlying lung dysfunction, worsening of chronic pulmonary disease from aspiration of organisms colonizing patient’s oropharynx • Systemic infection in immunocompromised • Liver disease patients at highest risk REVIEW

  35. Pasteurella Diseases (cont.) Animal scratch or REVIEW

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